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New Information
Changed Information
Retiring Software
Unchanged Information
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Organization
Related Documents
Reader's Comments
Conventions

1    Overview of Digital UNIX System Administration
1.1    The Digital UNIX System Administrator
1.2    Starting Up and Shutting Down the System
1.3    Customizing the System Environment
1.4    Configuring the Kernel
1.5    Administering Dynamic Device Recognition
1.6    Administering the UNIX File System
1.7    Administering the Advanced File System
1.8    Administering the Logical Storage Manager
1.9    Administering User Accounts and Groups
1.10    Administering the Print Services
1.11    Administering the Archiving Services
1.12    Administering System Accounting Services
1.13    Administering Events and Errors
1.14    Appendixes
1.14.1    Device Mnemonics
1.14.2    SCSI/CAM Utility Program
1.14.3    CI and HSC Hardware
1.14.4    Using the uerf Error Logger
1.15    CDE Graphical User Interface

2    Starting Up and Shutting Down the System
2.1    Understanding the Boot Operation
2.2    Preparing to Boot the Installed System
2.2.1    Preparing to Boot a Powered-Down System
2.2.2    Preparing to Boot a Powered-Up, Halted System
2.2.3    Preparing to Transition from Single-User Mode
2.2.4    Preparing to Boot a Crashed System
2.3    Booting the System
2.3.1    Defining the Console Environment Variables and Using the Boot Commands
2.3.2    Overriding the Boot Commands
2.4    Identifying the System Run Levels
2.5    Changing the System Run Levels
2.5.1    Changing Run Levels from Single-User Mode
2.5.2    Changing Run Levels from Multiuser Mode
2.5.2.1    Changing to a Different Multiuser Run Level
2.5.2.2    Changing to Single-User Mode
2.5.2.3    Reexamining the inittab File
2.6    Symmetric Multiprocessing
2.6.1    Adding CPUs to an Existing System
2.6.2    Unattended Reboots on Multiprocessor Systems
2.7    Setting and Resetting the System Clock
2.8    Resolving Booting Problems
2.9    Shutting Down the System
2.10    Stopping Systems While in Multiuser Mode
2.10.1    Shutting Down the System and Warning Other Users
2.10.2    Shutting Down and Halting the System
2.10.3    Shutting Down and Automatically Rebooting the System
2.10.4    Shutting Down and Halting Systems Immediately
2.11    Stopping Systems While in Single-User Mode

3    Customizing the System Environment
3.1    Identifying and Modifying the System Initialization Files
3.1.1    Using the /etc/inittab File
3.1.1.1    Specifying the Initialization Default Run Level
3.1.1.2    Specifying wait Run Levels
3.1.1.3    Specifying bootwait Run Levels
3.1.1.4    Specifying Console Run Levels
3.1.1.5    Specifying Terminals and Terminal Run Levels
3.1.1.6    Specifying Process Run Levels
3.1.1.7    Securing a Terminal Line
3.1.2    Using the init and rc Directory Structure
3.1.2.1    The init.d Directory
3.1.2.2    The rc0.d Directory and rc0 Run Command Script
3.1.2.3    The rc2.d Directory and rc2 Run Command Script
3.1.2.4    The rc3.d Directory and rc3 Run Command Script
3.1.3    Using the crontabs Directory
3.2    Identifying and Managing National Language Support Directories and Files
3.2.1    Setting Locale
3.2.2    Modifying Locale Categories
3.2.3    Limitations of Locale Variables
3.2.4    Setting Environment Variables for Message Catalogs and Locales
3.3    Customizing Internationalization Features
3.4    Customizing Your Time Zone
3.5    Customizing System Security
3.6    Customizing Performance Monitors
3.6.1    Monitoring Performance History Utility
3.6.2    Performance Monitor
3.6.3    UNIX Commands and Scripts
3.7    Customizing Power Management
3.7.1    Using the dxpower Utility's Graphical User Interface
3.7.2    Implementing Power Management from the Command Line
3.7.2.1    Changing the Power Management Values
3.7.2.2    Changing a Running Kernel or X Server

4    Configuring the Kernel
4.1    System Configuration at Installation Time
4.2    Deciding When and How to Reconfigure Your Kernel
4.3    Dynamic System Configuration
4.3.1    Configuring Subsystems
4.3.2    Querying Subsystem State
4.3.3    Determining Subsystem Type
4.3.4    Unloading a Subsystem
4.3.5    Maintaining the List of Automatically Configured Subsystems
4.3.6    Managing Subsystem Attributes
4.3.6.1    Determining the Value of Subsystem Attributes
4.3.6.2    Identifying Dynamic Subsystem Attributes
4.3.6.3    Modifying Dynamic Subsystem Attributes at Run Time
4.3.7    Managing Subsystems and Attributes Remotely
4.3.8    Managing the Subsystem Attributes Database
4.3.8.1    Listing Attributes in the Database
4.3.8.2    Adding Attributes to the Database
4.3.8.3    Merging New Definitions into Existing Database Entries
4.3.8.4    Updating Attributes in the Database
4.3.8.5    Removing Attribute Definitions from the Database
4.3.8.6    Deleting Subsystem Entries from the Database
4.4    Static System Configuration
4.4.1    Building the Kernel to Add Support for a New Device
4.4.2    Building the Kernel to Add Selected Kernel Options
4.4.3    Building a Kernel After Editing System Files
4.5    Static Configuration Files
4.5.1    System Configuration Files
4.5.2    Extensions to the Target Configuration File
4.5.3    The param.c File
4.6    Configuration File Entries
4.6.1    Global Keywords
4.6.1.1    Kernel Identification
4.6.1.2    Time Zone
4.6.1.3    Process Memory Size Limits
4.6.1.4    System V Functionality
4.6.1.5    System V IPC
4.6.1.6    Expected Number of Simultaneous Users
4.6.1.7    Maximum Number of clists
4.6.1.8    Maximum Number of Open Files
4.6.1.9    Maximum Number of Threads
4.6.1.10    Maximum Number of System Threads
4.6.1.11    Maximum Number of Processes
4.6.1.12    Maximum Number of User Processes
4.6.1.13    Maximum Number of Callouts
4.6.1.14    File System Metadata Cache Size
4.6.1.15    Machine Architecture
4.6.1.16    Machine Type
4.6.1.17    System SCS Identifier
4.6.1.18    Virtual Memory
4.6.2    System Definition Keyword
4.6.3    Device Definition Keywords
4.6.4    The callout Keyword Definitions
4.6.5    The options Keyword Definitions
4.6.5.1    Symmetrical Multiprocessing
4.6.5.2    Real-Time Processing
4.6.5.3    Maximum Size of Switch Tables
4.6.5.4    File System Configuration
4.6.5.5    File System Types, File Formats, and Locking
4.6.5.6    Standard Digital UNIX Kernel Features and Dependencies
4.6.5.7    Remote Kernel Debugging
4.6.5.8    Network Time Protocol Daemon
4.6.5.9    Autonice Threads Prioritizing
4.6.5.10    Statistics Functionality
4.6.5.11    Network and Communications Protocols and Dependencies
4.6.5.12    Terminal Subsystem
4.6.6    The makeoptions Keywords
4.6.7    The pseudo-device Keywords
4.6.7.1    Mandatory Definitions
4.6.7.2    Graphics
4.6.7.3    Prestoserve
4.6.7.4    Terminal Service
4.6.7.5    Logical Volume Manager
4.6.7.6    Logical Storage Manager
4.6.7.7    Ethernet ARP
4.6.7.8    Gateway Screen
4.6.7.9    Packetfilter
4.6.7.10    Network Loopback Device
4.6.7.11    Additional STREAMS Definitions

5    Administering Devices with Dynamic Device Recognition
5.1    Understanding Dynamic Device Recognition
5.1.1    Conforming to Standards
5.1.2    Understanding DDR Messages
5.1.3    Getting Help with ddr_config Options
5.2    Changing the DDR Database
5.3    Converting Customized cam_data.c Information
5.4    Adding Pseudoterminals and Devices without Using DDR
5.4.1    Adding Pseudoterminals
5.4.2    Adding Disk and Tape Drives

6    Administering the UNIX File System
6.1    File Systems and Logical Storage
6.1.1    Disk Partitions
6.1.2    Adding Swap Space
6.1.2.1    How Swap Space is Allocated
6.1.2.2    Estimating Swap Space Requirements
6.1.2.3    Selecting the Swap Space Allocation Method
6.1.3    UNIX File System Structure
6.1.4    File System and Directory Hierarchy
6.1.5    Directories and File Types
6.1.6    Device Special Files
6.2    Creating File Systems
6.3    Checking File Systems
6.4    Accessing File Systems
6.4.1    Using the mount Command
6.4.2    Using the umount Command
6.5    Tuning File Systems
6.6    Maintaining Disks
6.7    Monitoring Disk Use
6.7.1    Checking Available Free Space
6.7.2    Checking Disk Use
6.7.3    Setting User and Group Quotas for UFS
6.7.3.1    Hard and Soft Quota Limits
6.7.3.2    Activating File System Quotas
6.7.4    Verifying Disk Quotas
6.8    Partitioning Disks
6.9    Cloning Disks
6.10    Checking for Overlapping Partitions

7    Administering the POLYCENTER Advanced File System
7.1    Features and Benefits
7.2    AdvFS Design Overview
7.2.1    File Domains
7.2.2    Filesets and File Systems
7.3    File Storage Allocation
7.3.1    Allocation Policy
7.3.2    Fragments
7.3.3    Policy Allocation Limitations
7.4    Setting Up the Advanced File System
7.5    Managing File System and Fileset Quotas
7.6    Backing Up Data
7.7    Restoring the fdmns Directory
7.7.1    Restoring from Backup Media
7.7.2    Reconstructing the Directory
7.8    Restarting the System
7.8.1    System Interruption
7.8.2    Media Failure
7.9    Converting the root File System
7.10    Converting the /usr File System from UFS to AdvFS
7.10.1    Using a Backup Tape to Convert the /usr File System from UFS to AdvFS
7.10.2    Using an Intermediate File to Convert from UFS to AdvFS
7.10.3    Converting from One Disk to Another Disk
7.11    Converting a Data File System from UFS to AdvFS
7.11.1    Using a Backup Tape to Convert a Data File System from UFS to AdvFS
7.11.2    Transferring an Existing Data File System and Converting It to AdvFS

8    Administering the Logical Storage Manager
8.1    Features and Benefits
8.2    Understanding the LSM Components
8.2.1    LSM Objects
8.2.2    LSM Disks
8.2.3    Naming LSM Disks
8.2.4    LSM Disk Groups
8.2.5    LSM Configuration Databases
8.2.6    Moving and Replacing LSM Disks in a Disk Group
8.3    LSM System Administration
8.4    LSM System Administration Commands
8.4.1    Top-Down Command
8.4.2    Bottom-Up Commands
8.4.3    Information Command
8.5    Planning an LSM Configuration
8.6    Implementing an LSM Configuration
8.6.1    Reenabling LSM
8.6.2    Setting up LSM
8.6.3    Adding a Disk to a Disk Group
8.6.4    Creating a Volume in a Disk Group
8.6.5    Mirroring a Volume
8.6.6    Changing the Size of a Volume
8.7    LSM Encapsulation Tools

9    Administering User Accounts and Groups
9.1    Understanding User Accounts and Groups
9.1.1    The Password File
9.1.2    The Group File
9.1.3    The Administrative Tools
9.2    Adding a User Account
9.2.1    Adding a User Account with the adduser Utility
9.2.2    Adding a User Account Manually
9.2.2.1    Adding a User Account to the passwd File
9.2.2.2    Adding an Entry to the group File
9.2.2.3    Providing the Default Shell Scripts
9.2.2.4    Assigning a Password
9.2.2.5    Verifying the Accuracy of the group and passwd Files
9.3    Changing Information in a User Account
9.3.1    Changing Passwords
9.3.2    Changing the user_info Field
9.3.3    Changing the Login Shell
9.3.4    Setting File System Quotas
9.3.4.1    Understanding User Account and Group Quota Limits
9.3.4.2    Setting File System Quotas for User Accounts
9.4    Removing a User Account
9.4.1    Removing a User Account with the removeuser Utility
9.4.2    Removing a User Account Manually
9.4.3    Removing a User's Files and Directories
9.4.4    Removing a User's Account from the group File
9.4.5    Removing a User's Account from the passwd File
9.5    Adding and Removing Groups
9.5.1    Adding a Group with the addgroup Utility
9.5.2    Adding a Group Manually
9.5.3    Removing a Group

10    Administering the Print Services
10.1    Administrative Tasks
10.2    Interfaces to Print Services
10.3    Print Services Commands
10.4    Using lprsetup to Set Up the Print System
10.4.1    Gathering Information
10.4.1.1    Printer Name
10.4.1.2    Printer Type
10.4.1.3    Printer Synonyms
10.4.1.4    Device Special File
10.4.1.5    Printer Accounting
10.4.1.6    Spooler Directory
10.4.1.7    Error Log File
10.4.1.8    Connection Type
10.4.1.9    Baud Rate
10.4.2    Using lprsetup to Install a Printer
10.4.3    Setting Up Remote Printers
10.4.4    Testing Printers
10.5    Routine Operations
10.5.1    Adding Printers
10.5.2    Modifying Printers
10.5.3    Removing Printers
10.5.4    Enabling Printer Accounting
10.5.5    Controlling Local Print Jobs and Queues
10.6    Reference Information
10.6.1    Line Printer Daemon
10.6.2    Spooling Directories
10.6.2.1    Spooling Directory Files
10.6.2.2    Creating a Spooling Directory
10.6.3    The /etc/printcap File
10.6.4    Line Printer Daemon Filter Directory
10.6.5    Flag Bits
10.6.6    Mode Bits
10.6.7    Remote Printer Characteristics
10.6.8    Pagination and Imaging Parameters
10.7    Troubleshooting
10.7.1    Installation and Routine Operations
10.7.2    Printer Error Logging

11    Administering the Archiving Services
11.1    NetWorker SingleServer Save and Restore
11.2    POLYCENTER NetWorker Save and Restore
11.3    Bootable Tapes
11.4    Backing Up Data
11.4.1    Choosing a Backup Schedule
11.4.2    Performing a Full Backup
11.4.3    Performing an Incremental Backup
11.4.4    Performing a Remote Backup
11.4.5    Using Backup Scripts
11.5    Restoring Data
11.5.1    Restoring a File System
11.5.2    Restoring Files
11.5.3    Restoring Files Interactively
11.5.4    Performing Remote Restores
11.5.5    Restoring the root and /usr File Systems
11.5.5.1    Local Restoration Example
11.5.5.2    Remote Restoration Example

12    Administering the System Accounting Services
12.1    Accounting Overview
12.1.1    Accounting Shell Scripts and Commands
12.1.2    Accounting Files
12.2    Setting Up Accounting
12.2.1    Enabling Accounting in the rc.config File
12.2.2    Creating the qacct and pacct Files
12.2.3    Editing the holidays File
12.2.4    Modifying the crontab Files
12.3    Starting Up and Stopping Accounting
12.4    Connect Session Accounting
12.4.1    The wtmpfix Command
12.4.2    The fwtmp Command
12.4.3    The acctwtmp Command
12.4.4    The ac Command
12.4.5    The acctcon1 Command
12.4.6    The acctcon2 Command
12.4.7    The prctmp Shell Script
12.4.8    The lastlogin Shell Script
12.4.9    The last Command
12.5    Process Accounting
12.5.1    The accton Command
12.5.2    The turnacct Shell Script
12.5.3    The ckpacct Shell Script
12.5.4    The acctcom Command
12.5.5    The sa Command
12.5.6    The acctcms Command
12.5.7    The acctprc1 Command
12.5.8    The acctprc2 Command
12.5.9    The lastcomm Command
12.6    Disk Usage Accounting
12.6.1    The dodisk Shell Script
12.6.2    The diskusg Command
12.6.3    The acctdusg Command
12.6.4    The acctdisk Command
12.7    System Administration Service Accounting
12.8    Printer Accounting
12.9    Creating Daily, Summary, and Monthly Report Files
12.9.1    The runacct Shell Script
12.9.1.1    Correcting runacct Shell Script Errors
12.9.1.2    Examples of Errors and Corrective Actions
12.9.2    The acctmerg Command
12.9.3    The prtacct Shell Script
12.9.4    The prdaily Shell Script
12.9.5    The monacct Shell Script

13    Administering Events and Errors
13.1    Using the System Exercisers
13.1.1    Running System Exercisers
13.1.2    Using Exerciser Diagnostics
13.1.3    Exercising a File System
13.1.4    Exercising System Memory
13.1.5    Exercising Shared Memory
13.1.6    Exercising a Disk Drive
13.1.7    Exercising a Tape Drive
13.1.8    Exercising the Terminal Communication System
13.2    Understanding the Event-Logging Facilities
13.2.1    System Event Logging
13.2.2    Binary Event Logging
13.3    Configuring Event Logging
13.3.1    Editing the Configuration Files
13.3.1.1    The syslog.conf File
13.3.1.2    The binlog.conf File
13.3.2    Creating the Special Files
13.3.3    Starting and Stopping the Event-Logging Daemons
13.3.3.1    The syslogd Daemon
13.3.3.2    The binlogd Daemon
13.3.4    Configuring the Kernel Binary Event Logger
13.4    Recovering Event Logs After a System Crash
13.5    Maintaining Log Files

A    Device Mnemonics

B    SCSI/CAM Utility Program
B.1    Introduction
B.2    SCU Utility Conventions
B.3    General SCU Commands
B.4    Device and Bus Management Commands
B.5    Device and Bus Maintenance Commands

C    Support of the CI and HSC Hardware
C.1    Hardware Setup, Restrictions, and Revision Levels
C.2    Software Installation and Restrictions
C.3    Configuration File Entries
C.4    Booting an HSC Controller or an HSC Disk
C.5    Sharing Disk and Tape Units Among Several Hosts

D    Using the uerf Event Logger
D.1    Specifying the Report Source
D.1.1    Selecting the Event Class
D.1.2    Selecting Disk Events
D.1.3    Selecting Mainframe Events
D.1.4    Selecting Events As They Occur
D.1.5    Selecting Operating System Events
D.1.6    Selecting Tape Events
D.1.7    Generating Reports from Files
D.1.8    Generating Reports for Hosts
D.1.9    Selecting Events by Record Code
D.2    Restricting Events
D.2.1    Specifying Sequence Numbers
D.2.2    Specifying a Time Range
D.2.3    Specifying Unit Numbers
D.2.4    Excluding Reported Events
D.3    Controlling the Report Output
D.3.1    Generating Summary Reports
D.3.2    Specifying the Type of Output
D.3.3    Generating Reports in Reverse Chronological Order
D.3.4    Displaying Hexadecimal Output

Figures

Tables