System Tuning and Performance Management

asynchronous I/O requests
        See also aio-max-num attribute
        See also aio-max-percent attribute
        servicing on client (NFS)
        servicing on server (NFS)

asyncswapbuffers global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-asyncswapbuffers attribute

asyncswapbuffers parameter
See vm-asyncswapbuffers attribute

at command
use to optimize CPU usage

atom
description

attributes
See configuration attributes

audit-buffer-size attribute
description

audit-site-events attribute
description

autonice attribute
description

autonice-penalty attribute

autonice-time attribute

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B

basic-dma-window-size attribute
description

batch command
use to optimize CPU usage

bdevsw_size attribute
description

Berkeley UNIX File System
See UFS

bind_to_cpu system call

bio_stats structure
determining block miss rate
how to examine

block clustering (UFS)
        definition
        effect of fragmentation
        rotational delay influence

block size (UFS)
bsize field
examining with dumpfs

boot time
swap device configuration

booted_kernel attribute
description

booted_args attribute
description

borrowpercent attribute
See ubc-borrowpercent attribute

bottleneck, I/O
high idle time indicator

bps
examining with iostat utility

bsize field (UFS)
block size of file system

bufcache attribute
        description
        description
        description
        when to tune
        when to tune

buffer-hash-size attribute
        description
        when to tune
buffer-hash-size attribute
        description

bufhsz parameter
See buffer-hash-size attribute

bytes per second (bps)
examining with iostat utility

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C

cache access times
relative speeds

cache thrashing
high system time indicator
preventing

cache
See I/O buffer cache, file system buffer cache, namei cache, secondary cache, tertiary cache, UBC (unified buffer cache)

CAM
description
tuning

cam_ccb_increment attribute
description

cam_ccb_low_water attribute
description

cam_ccb_pool_size attribute
description

CDE
tuning attributes using CDE

cdevsw_size attribute
description

clock-frequency attribute
description

cluster_consec_incr parameter
description

cluster_consec_init parameter
description
when to tune

clustering
See block clustering

cluster_lastr_init parameter
description

clustermap global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-clustermap attribute

clustermap parameter
See vm-clustermap attribute

cluster_maxcontig parameter
        description
        how to modify
        when to tune

cluster_max_read_ahead parameter
description
description

cluster_read_all parameter
description
when to tune

clustersize global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-clustersize attribute

clustersize parameter
See vm-clustersize attribute

cluster_write_one parameter
description

coloring
See page coloring

Common Access Method
See CAM

Common Desktop Environment
See CDE

config file
See system configuration file

configuration attributes
        attribute descriptions
        modifying with sysconfig -r command
        monitoring with sysconfig -q command
        relationship to system parameters
        relationship to system parameters
        See also sysconfig command, sysconfigdb command, sysconfigtab table

configuration file
See system configuration file

context switches
displaying statistics for

contig-malloc-percent attribute
description

contiguous blocks (UFS)
maximum number of

copy-on-write page fault
definition

core dumps
including segmented shared memory (SSM)

cowfaults global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-cowfaults attribute

cowfaults parameter
See vm-cowfaults attribute

CPU resource problems
diagnosing

CPU time
displaying statistics for

CPU usage
        displaying memory and time statistics
        displaying time statistics
        examining with iostat utility
        examining with ps utility
        examining with vmstat utility
        idle, user, system time
        optimization options

CPU-intensive applications
tuning considerations

cpu-enable-mask attribute
description

create-fastlinks attribute
description

cron command
use to optimize CPU usage

csubmapsize global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-csubmapsize attribute

csubmapsize parameter
See vm-csubmapsize attribute

cylinder group (UFS)
maximum allocation of blocks per file

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D

data transfer rate
relative importance of

dbx
        checking file system buffer cache
        checking namei cache
        checking UBC
        checking UBC
        description
        using to diagnose performance
        using to set write blocking
        using to set write blocking
        using to set write blocking
        using to set write buffer delay

deferred allocation mode
swap space allocation

delay_wbuffers parameter
description
tuning considerations

device_switch_inited attribute

device_switch_print attribute

device_switch_stale attribute

dfldsiz parameter
description
when to tune

dflssiz parameter
description
when to tune

Digital Storage Architecture

disk fragmentation
checking

disk I/O
        decreasing with block clustering
        how to overcome saturation
        use of UBC to avoid

disk mirroring
effect on I/O
effect on I/O

disk space
        adding paging and swapping space
        block clustering
        effect of 64-bit addressing
        fragmentation
        tuning for large files

disk storage hardware

disk striping
See striping

disk subsystems
        monitoring with dbx
        monitoring
        tuning

disk usage
examining with iostat utility

dropped packets
diagnosing with netstat

DSA
Alpha systems supported on

dump files, analyzing
See dbx, kdbx

dumpfs utility
use to diagnose performance

dumpfs
use to display UFS information

dump-sp-threshold attribute
description

dump-user-pte-pages attribute
description

dxkerneltuner (CDE)
using to tune sysconfigtab attributes

dxkerneltuner
using to monitor sysconfigtab attributes

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E

eager allocation mode
See immediate allocation mode

error messages
        lack of paging space
        out of process memory
        process limit exceeded
        swap space below...,

extent map
displaying with showfile utility
displaying with showfile utility

external cache
See secondary cache

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F

file descriptors
limit of number open

file domain information
displaying with showfdmn utility
displaying with showfdmn utility

file locking
effect on NFS

file striping
See striping

file system buffer cache
checking with dbx

file system load
tuning for heavy use

file system metadata
caching options
description

file systems
        description of types
        See also MFS, NFS, UFS, VFS
        upper limit on mounts

files
        active file limit, modifying
        intermediate files
        large files
                defragmenting
                influence of maxbpg value
                inode density
                limiting memory use
                tuning maxbpg
        small files, handling many
        small files, handling many
        small files, handling many

filesets
displaying with showfsets utility
displaying with showfsets utility

fragment drop problem (NFS)

fragment size (UFS)
        examining with dumpfs
        fsize field
        tuning considerations
        tuning considerations

fragmentation, disk
checking

free list
See free page list

free page list
        diagnosing problems
        diagnosing problems
        evaluating
        tuning for large files

free space (UFS)
determining minimum percentage
threshold (minfree field)

fsize field (UFS)
fragment size of file system

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G

gh-chunks attribute

gh-fail-if-no-mem attribute

gh-min-seg-size attribute

give-boost attribute
description

gprof utility
use to locate bottlenecks

granularity hints
tuning solution

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H

heappercent global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-heappercent attribute

heappercent parameter
See vm-vmheappercent attribute

hiprof
See atom tool

hit rate
        calculating for namei cache
        calculating for UBC
        file system buffer cache tuning
        for file system buffer cache
        namei cache tuning

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I

idle time
        displaying statistics for
        interpreting user, idle, and system time
        problems that affect system time

immediate allocation mode
swap space allocation

inactive page list

inifaddr_hsize attribute
description

inode density
reducing

inode information
namei cache

inode-hash-size attribute
description

inohsz parameter
See inode-hash-size attribute

installation time
reducing kernel size

inswappedmin global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-inswappedmin dbx

inswappedmin parameter
See vm-inswappedmin attribute

intermediate files
effect of delay_wbuffers

Internet Protocol
See TCP/IP

interprocess communications
See IPC

interrupts
context switch interrupts
displaying statistics for

I/O bottleneck
high idle time indicator

I/O buffer cache
description
description

I/O clustering
algorithms and parameters
checking cluster reads and writes (UFS)

I/O operations
        block clustering small I/O requests
        contiguous reads
        effects of bsize and fsize values
        maximum blocks in a read (UFS)
        prewrite operations
        random I/O and the UBC
        read clustering
        read-ahead clustering (UFS)
        tuning CAM for spikes of I/O activity
        tuning possibilities
        UBC involvement
        write clustering (UFS)

I/O requests, asynchronous
servicing on client (NFS)
servicing on server (NFS)

I/O requests, swapping
asynchronous swap I/O requests
synchronous swap I/O requests

I/O requests, UBC
vm-ubcbuffers attribute

I/O servers
UBC tuning
use of Prestoserve

I/O spikes
tuning CAM

I/O subsystems
        components
                file systems
                network systems
        description
        tuning

iostat utility
use to diagnose performance

IPC
        description
        description
        monitoring
        See also System V IPC
        tuning

ipcs utility
use to diagnose performance

ipdefttl attribute
description

ipdirected_broadcast attribute
description

ipforwarding attribute
description

ipfragttl attribute
description

ipgateway attribute
description

ipsendredirects attribute
description

ipsrcroute attribute
description

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J

job priority
adjusting to optimize CPU usage

job scheduling
to optimize CPU usage

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K

kdbx
use to diagnose performance

kentry_zone_size parameter
See vm-kentry_zone_size attribute

kentry_zone_size global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-kentry_zone_size attribute

kernel configuration file
See system configuration file

kernel preemption, real-time
rt-preempt-opt attribute settings

kernel profiling
See kprofile utility

kernel size
reducing

Kernel Tuner (CDE)
using to tune sysconfigtab attributes

Kernel Tuner
using to monitor sysconfigtab attributes

kernels (running), analyzing
See dbx, kdbx

kernel-stack-guard-pages attribute
description

kmem_debug attribute
description

kprofile utility
use to locate kernel bottlenecks

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L

lack of paging space
error message

large files
See files

large I/O requests
See I/O operations

large programs
See program size limits

lazy allocation mode
See deferred allocation mode

least recently used page list

lite-system attribute
description

load average, system
See uptime utility, w utility, xload utility

load, system
examining with uptime utility
heavy load

local queue headers (IPC)
monitoring with ipcs

lockdebug attribute
description

locking, file
effect on NFS

lockmaxcycles attribute
description

lockmode attribute
description

locktimeout attribute
description

low-memory (24-MB) systems
special tuning considerations

LRU page list

LSM
        dxlsm interface
        monitoring
        overview
        voldg command
        voldisk command
        volprint command
        volstat command
        voltrace command
        volwatch command

lsm_root_dev_is_volume attribute

lsm_swapdev_is_volume attribute

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M

mapentries global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-mapentries attribute

mapentries parameter
See vm-mapentries attribute

mapped file regions

Mass Storage Control Protocol
See MSCP

max-ifq-length attribute
description

maxbpg field (UFS)
maximum allocation of blocks per file

maxbpg parameter
when to tune

max_callbacks attribute
description

maxcontig field (UFS)
maximum number of contiguous blocks

maxcontig parameter (UFS)
        description
        how to modify
        how to modify

maxdsiz parameter
description
when to tune

max-free-files parameter
See max-free-file-structures attribute

max-free-file-structures attribute
description

max-iosize-read attribute
description

max-iosize-write attribute
description

max-kernel-ports attribute
description

max-lock-per-thread attribute
description

max-per-proc-address-space attribute
description

max-per-proc-data-size attribute
description

max-per-proc-stack-size attribute
description

max-proc-per-user attribute
description
description

max-rdpgio-kluster attribute
See vm-max-rdpgio-kluster attribute

maxssiz parameter
when to tune

max-threads-per-user attribute
description

max-ufs-mounts attribute
description
when to modify

maxuprc parameter
See max-proc-per-user attribute

maxusers attribute
        description
        description
        description

maxusers parameter
when to increase

maxuthreads parameter
See max-threads-per-user attribute

maxvas global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-maxvas attribute

maxvax parameter
See vm-maxvas attribute

max-vnodes attribute
        description
        description
        tuning considerations

max-vol attribute

maxwire global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-maxwire attribute

maxwire parameter
See vm-maxwire attribute

max-wrpgio-kluster attribute
See vm-max-wrpgio-kluster attribute

mbuf shortage
how to fix

memory file system
See MFS

memory management
        See also cache, paging and swapping, UBC, virtual memory
        components
                paging
                swapping
                UBC
                virtual memory
        effect of 64-bit addressing
        effect of PAL code
        list of memory tuning attributes
        monitoring VM usage
        overview
        reducing kernel size
        sysconfigtab attributes
        tuning memory usage
        types of caches

memory, anonymous
description

memory, application
tracking use

memory, wired
vm-maxwire attribute
vm-syswiredpercent attribute

message queues (IPC)
monitoring with ipcs

message-buffer-size attribute
description

messages, IPC
See System V IPC

metadata buffer cache
changing the size
description of contents

metadata
See file system metadata, metadata buffer cache

MFS
support

minfree field (UFS)
free space threshold

min-free-vnodes attribute
        description
        description
        tuning considerations

mirroring
See disk mirroring

monitoring tools
        advscan utility (AdvFS)
        atom tool
        dbx
        dumpfs utility
        dumpfs
        iostat utility
        ipcs
        kdbx
        netstat utility
        nfsstat utility
        nfswatch utility
        overview
        POLYCENTER Performance Solution
        ps utility
        showfdmn utility
        showfdmn utility
        showfile utility
        showfile utility
        showfsets utility
        showfsets utility
        swapon utility
        swapon utility
        tcpdump utility
        uprofile utility
        uptime utility
        vmstat utility
        voldg utility (LSM)
        voldisk utility (LSM)
        volprint utility (LSM)
        volstat utility (LSM)
        voltrace utility (LSM)
        volwatch utility (LSM)
        w utility
        xload utility

Motif applications
compilation options

mount command
using to reduce NFS timeouts

mounts, file system
upper limit

MSCP
DSA conformance

msg* parameters (IPC)

msg-mnb attribute (IPC)
description

msg-tql attribute (IPC)

msgbuf_size attribute
description

msg-max attribute
description

msg-mnb attribute (IPC)
description

msg-mni attribute (IPC)
description
description

msg-tql attribute (IPC)
description
description

must-be-root attribute
description

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N

name-cache-hash-size attribute
        description
        description
        when to tune

name-cache-size attribute
adjusting
description

namei cache
        checking with dbx
        how to calculate hit rate
        improving hit rate
        use

namei-cache-valid-time attribute
namei-cache-valid-time attribute
description
description

ncache_valid_time parameter
See namei-cache-valid-time attribute

ncallout attribute
description

ncallout_alloc_size attribute
description

nchsize parameter
See name-cache-size attribute

nchstats structure
fields to examine

nchsz parameter
See name-cache-hash-size attribute

nclist attribute
description

netisrthreads attribute
description
when to modify

netstat utility
netstat utility
use to diagnose performance
use to diagnose problems

Network File System
See NFS

network links, slow
tuning

network problems
diagnosing
diagnosing

network subsystems
        description
        hardware
        MFS
        NFS
        software
        TCP/IP
        tuning
        UDP

network threads
when to reduce

network traffic, monitoring
See netstat utility, nfsstat utility, nfswatch utility, tcpdump utility

newfs
use to modify cluster size
use to tune file system

new_wire_method attribute

NFS network traffic
See nfswatch utility

NFS
        description
        effect of file locking
        fragment drop problem
        monitoring tools
        support
        tuning
        write gathering

nfsd daemon
when to adjust

nfs-flatten-mode attribute
description

nfsiod daemon
when to adjust

nfsstat utility
use to diagnose performance

nfswatch utility
use to diagnose performance

nice utility
process management
use to optimize CPU usage

nmount attribute
description

noadd-exec-access attribute
description

nptys attribute
description

nslip attribute
description

nstrpush attribute
description

num-of-sems attribute
description

nvnode attribute
description

NVRAM
use by Prestoserve

nxprbufs attribute
description

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O

old_obreak attribute

open files
See files

open-max-hard attribute
        description
        description
        when to tune

open-max-soft attribute
        description
        description
        when to tune

out of process memory
error message

overcommitment allocation mode
See deferred allocation mode

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P

page coloring
technique for optimizing secondary cache

page faults
See paging and swapping

page list, active

page list, free
checking size

page list, inactive

page outs
See paging and swapping
vmstat output

page tables, shared
See ssm-threshold attribute

page-free-min attribute
See vm-page-free-min attribute

page-free-optimal attribute
See vm-page-free-optimal attribute

page-free-reserved attribute
See vm-page-free-reserved attribute

page-free-target attribute
See vm-page-free-target attribute

page-in page fault
definition

paging and swapping
        diagnosing problems
        diagnosing problems
        excessive page outs
        excessive page outs
        lack of paging space
        memory management considerations
        methods for reducing
        overview
        page reclamation code
        page-stealer daemon
        specifying additional disk space for
        types of page faults

paging rate
        effect of memory use by UBC
        how to decrease
        monitoring with vmstat

PAL code
influence on memory management

param.c variables
location of param.c file
relationship to sysconfigtab attributes

path-num-max attribute
description

performance measurement
See also monitoring tools
overview of monitoring tools

performance tuning
See system tuning

perfsum structure
See vm-perfsum structure

per-proc-address-space attribute
description

per-proc-data-size attribute
description

per-proc-stack-size attribute
description

physical memory
shared by virtual memory and UBC

physio_max_coalescing attribute
description

pipe-databuf-size attribute
description

pipe-maxbuf-siz attribute
description

pipe-max-bytes-all-pipes attribute
description

pipes

pipe-single-write-max attribute
description

pixie utility
use to locate bottlenecks

pixie
See atom tool

pmtu_decrease_intvl attribute
description

pmtu_enabled attribute
description

pmtu_increase_intvl attribute
description

pmtu_rt_check_intvl attribute
description

POLYCENTER AdvFS utilities

POLYCENTER Performance Solution
monitoring tool

POLYCENTER utilities

port-hash-max-num attribute
description

port_max_num parameter
See max-kernel-ports attribute

port-reserved-max-num attribute
description

Prestoserve
        prmetaonly attribute
        when to use
        when to use

prewrite I/O operations

prmetaonly attribute
description

process limit exceeded
error messages

process management
        adjusting real-time priorities
        displaying statistics with ps utility
        max-proc-per-user attribute
        max-proc-per-user attribute
        nice utility

process memory
error message when out of

process, user
wired memory maximum (vm-maxwire)

prof utility
use to locate bottlenecks

program size limits
how to adjust

ps utility
use to diagnose performance

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R

random I/O

read operations
See I/O operations

read-ahead clusters
description
tuning

read-only file systems
tuning

real-time kernel preemption
lockmode attribute settings

real-time interprocess communication
pipes and signals

real-time kernel preemption
rt-preempt-opt attribute settings

real-time process priorities
how to adjust

remote queues (IPC)
monitoring with ipcs

resident set size
See RSS

retransmissions, network
diagnosing with netstat

rotational delay (UFS)
influence of maxcontig value
rotdelay parameter

rotdelay field (UFS)
adjusting value with rotdelay parameter
examining with dumpfs

rotdelay parameter (UFS)
description

round-robin-switch-rate attribute
description

RSS
description

rt-preempt-opt attribute
description

runon system call

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S

savecore utility

sb_max attribute
description

sched-min-idle attribute
description

SCSI
support on Alpha systems

secondary cache
usage

seek time (disk)
influence on performance

segmentation global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-segmentation attribute

segmented shared memory
See ssm-enable-core-dump attribute
See ssm-threshold attribute

sem-aem attribute
description

semaphore attributes (IPC)

semaphores (IPC)
monitoring with ipcs

sem-mni attribute
description

sem-msl attribute
description

sem-opm attribute
description

sem-ume attribute
description

sem-vmx attribute
description

set-max-num attribute
description

shared memory parameters (IPC)

shared memory segments (IPC)
monitoring with ipcs

shared memory segments
tuning

shared memory
See System V IPC

shared memory, segmented
See ssm-enable-core-dump attribute
See ssm-threshold attribute

shared page tables
See ssm-threshold attribute

shared region, System V
minimum threshold value

shm* parameters (IPC)

shm-max attribute
description

shm-min attribute
description

shm-mni attribute
description

shm-seg attribute
description

short page fault
definition

showfdmn utility
use to diagnose AdvFS performance
use to diagnose AdvFS performance

showfile utility
use to diagnose AdvFS performance
use to diagnose AdvFS performance

showfsets utility
use to diagnose AdvFS performance
use to diagnose AdvFS performance

signals

sigqueue-max-num attribute
description

SIM
CAM component

slow network links
tuning

Small Computer System Interface
See SCSI

small files
See files

small I/O requests
See I/O operations

SMP
        cpu-enable-mask attribute settings
        lockmode attribute settings
        overview
        See also threads

snmp_devs attribute
description

sockets

somaxconn attribute
description

sominconn attribute
description

spechsz parameter
See special-vnode-alias-table-size attribute

special-vnode-alias-tbl-size attribute
description

ssm-enable-core-dump attribute
description

SSM_SIZE
See ssm-threshold attribute

ssm-threshold attribute
description

storage allocation map
displaying with showfile utility
displaying with showfile utility

streams

striping
        overview
        stripe utility (AdvFS)
        stripe utility (LSM)
        swap space interleaving

strmsgsz attribute
description

subnetsarelocal attribute
description

swap buffers
See swap space

swap devices
configuring at boot time

swap I/O requests, asynchronous
vm-asyncswapbuffers attribute
vm-asyncswapbuffers attribute

swap I/O requests, synchronous
vm-syncswapbuffers attribute
vm-syncswapbuffers attribute

swap space below...,
error message

swap space
        allocation modes
        diagnosing problems
        diagnosing problems
        identifying swap space disks
        optimizing use of
        warning message

swapon utility
        identifying swap space disks
        monitoring swap space use
        monitoring swap space use
        use to diagnose performance

swapping
See paging and swapping

synchronous write operations
improving with Prestoserve
Prestoserve caching options

syncswapbuffers global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-syncswapbuffers attribute

syncswapbuffers parameter
See vm-syncswapbuffers attribute

sysconfig command
how to use
how to use

sysconfigdb command
how to use
how to use

sysconfigtab attributes
        list of memory tuning attributes
        sysconfigtab file
        UBC attributes
        UBC attributes

system calls
displaying statistics for

system configuration file
        deleting hardware support
        location
        relationship to sysconfigtab attributes

system load average
See uptime utility, w utility, xload utility

system load
examining with uptime utility
heavy load

system memory
freeing network threads to increase

system parameters
        See also configuration attributes
        See also configuration attributes, param.c variables, system configuration file
        relationship to configuration attributes
        tuning without rebooting

system thrashing
excessive paging and swapping

system time
        displaying statistics for
        interpreting user, idle, and system time
        problems that affect system time

System V IPC

System V shared region
minimum threshold value

sys-v-mode attribute
description

syswiredpercent global variable
displaying value with dbx
See also vm-syswiredpercent attribute

syswiredpercent parameter
See vm-syswiredpercent attribute

Click letter for quick access:
[Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

T

task context switches
displaying statistics for

tcbhashsize attribute
description

TCP/IP
description

tcp_compat_42 attribute
description

tcp_dont_winscale attribute
description

tcpdump utility
use to diagnose performance

tcp_keepcnt attribute
description

tcp_keepidle attribute
description

tcp_keepinit attribute
description

tcp_keepintvl attribute
description

tcp_mssdflt attribute
description

tcpnodelack attribute
description

tcp_recvspace attribute
description

tcprexmtthresh attribute
description

tcp_rttdflt attribute
description

tcp_sendspace attribute
description

tcp_ttl attribute
description

tcptwreorder attribute
description

tcp_urgent_42 attribute
description

third degree
See atom tool

thrashing
See cache thrashing

threads
        definition
        displaying context switches for
        max-threads-per-user attribute
        See also SMP

threads, network
        See netisrthreads attribute
        when to reduce
        when to reduce

time
See access time, boot time, CPU time, idle time, installation time, load time, rotational delay time, run time, seek time, start-up time, user time, system time

timeo parameter
modifying to reduce network timeouts

timeout-to-call ratio
importance to network
tools used to analyze

timeouts, network transmission
reducing

timeouts, NFS transmission
reducing

tps
examining with iostat utility

traffic, network
        monitoring with netstat utility
        monitoring with nfsstat utility
        monitoring with nfswatch utility
        monitoring with tcpdump

transfer per second (tps)
examining with iostat utility

transfer rate, data
relative importance of

Transmission Control Protocol
See TCP/IP

Transport (XPT)

tune structure
See vm_tune structure

tunefs
use to modify cluster size
use to tune file system