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make(1u)
NAME
make - Maintains, updates, and regenerates groups of programs.
SYNOPSIS
make [-f makefile] [options] [names]
OPTIONS
-b Compatibility mode for old makefiles.
-d Debug mode. Displays detailed information on files and times examined.
-e Causes environment variables to override assignments within makefiles.
-f makefile
Uses the specified description file name. A file name of - denotes the
standard input. The contents of the file specified as makefile
override the built-in rules.
-i Ignores error codes returned by invoked commands. This mode is entered
if the special target name .IGNORE appears in the description file.
-k Stops work on the current entry, but continues on other branches that
do not depend on that entry.
-n No execute mode. Displays commands, but does not execute them. Even
lines beginning with an at sign (@) are displayed.
-p Displays the complete set of macro definitions and target descriptions.
-q Question mode. Returns a zero or nonzero status code depending on
whether the target file is or is not up to date.
-r Does not use the built-in rules.
-s Silent mode. Suppresses the display of command lines before executing.
This mode is also entered if the special target name .SILENT appears in
the description file.
-S Abandons work on the current entry if it fails; the opposite of the -k
option. If both options are specified, the last one specified on the
command line is used.
-t Touches target files (causing them to be up to date) rather than
issuing the usual commands.
DESCRIPTION
This make command is one of several versions available. See the SEE ALSO
section for references to information about other versions of the command.
By default, the make(1) command is invoked if you type the command name
with no path. To access the make(1u) version described in this reference
page, use the following command path:
/usr/opt/ultrix/usr/bin/make
The make program is designed to simplify the maintenance of other programs.
This is the SYSTEM V version of the make command with some Berkeley
compatibility added.
The make program executes commands in makefile to update one or more target
names. The name argument is typically a program. If no -f option is
present, makefile, Makefile, s.makefile, and s.Makefile are tried in order.
If makefile is -, the standard input is taken. You can specify more than
one -f makefile argument.
The make program updates a target only if its dependents are newer than the
target. All prerequisite files of a target are added recursively to the
list of targets. Missing files are deemed to be out of date.
The makefile argument contains a sequence of entries that specify
dependencies. The first line of an entry is a blank-separated, non-null
list of targets, then a colon (:), then a (possibly null) list of
prerequisite files or dependencies. Text following a semicolon (;) and all
following lines that begin with a tab are shell commands to be executed to
update the target. The first line that does not begin with a tab or number
sign (#) begins a new dependency or macro definition. Shell commands can
be continued across lines with the backslash followed by a new-line (RET)
sequence. Everything printed by make (except the initial tab) is passed
directly to the shell. For example:
echo a\
b
These entries produce the following:
ab
This output is exactly the same as what would have been produced by the
shell.
The Number sign (#) and new-line surround comments.
The following makefile says that pgm depends on two files a.o and b.o, and
that they in turn depend on their corresponding source files (a.c and b.c)
and a common file <incl.h>:
pgm: a.o b.o
cc a.o b.o -o pgm
a.o: incl.h a.c
cc -c a.c
b.o: incl.h b.c
cc -c b.c
Command lines are executed one at a time, each by its own shell. The first
one or two characters in a command can be the following: -, @, -@, or @-.
If @ is present, printing of the command is suppressed. If - is present,
make ignores an error. A line is printed when it is executed unless the -s
option is present, or the entry .SILENT: is in makefile, or unless the
initial character sequence contains a @. The -n option specifies printing
without execution. However, if the command line has the string $(MAKE) in
it, the line is always executed. (See the discussion of the MAKEFLAGS
macro under the Environment section). The -t (touch) option updates the
modified date of a file without executing any commands.
Commands returning nonzero status normally terminate make. If the -i
option is present, or the entry .IGNORE: appears in makefile, or the
initial character sequence of the command contains -, the error is ignored.
If the -k option is present, work stops on the current entry, but continues
on other branches that do not depend on that entry.
The -b option allows old makefiles (those written for the old version of
make) to run without errors. The difference between the old version of
make and this version is that this version requires all dependency lines to
have a (possibly null or implicit) command associated with them. The
previous version of make assumed, if no command was specified explicitly,
that the command was null.
Interrupt and quit cause the target to be deleted unless the target is a
dependent of the special name .PRECIOUS.
Environment
The environment is always read by make. All variables are assumed to be
macro definitions and processed as such. The -e option causes the
environment to override the macro assignments in a makefile.
The make command operates in three compatibility modes. The type of mode
is determined by the value of the PROG_ENV environment variable and by the
way that make is executed. The PROG_ENV variable has two valid values:
· BSD
· POSIX
In BSD mode, make executes with Berkeley compatibility. This means that
/bin/sh is always used as the command interpreter regardless of the value
of SHELL, and the commands are echoed to standard out without a prefixed
<tab>.
In POSIX mode, make executes with POSIX compatibility, such that the SHELL
environment variable is always ignored, SHELL is always overridden by
MAKESHELL, the shell is always used to execute commands, and commands are
echoed to standard out with a prefixed <tab>.
The MAKEFLAGS environment variable is processed by make as containing any
legal input option (except -f, -p, and -d) defined for the command line.
Further, upon invocation, make invents the variable if it is not in the
environment, puts the current options into it, and passes it on to
invocations of commands. Thus, MAKEFLAGS always contains the current input
options. This proves very useful for super-makes. In fact, as noted above,
when the -n option is used, the command $(MAKE) is executed anyway. Hence,
one can perform a make -n recursively on a whole software system to see
what would have been executed. This is because the -n is put in MAKEFLAGS
and passed to further invocations of $(MAKE). This is one way of debugging
all of the makefiles for a software project without actually doing
anything.
Macros
Macros can be defined in four different ways. Some macros are defined by
default by make internally. All environment variables are assumed to be
macro definitions and macros can be defined in the makefile as well as on
the make command line. By default, the internal default macros are
overridden by environment variables, macros defined in the makefile
override environment variables and macros defined on the command line
override macros defined in the makefile. The -e option changes this such
that environment variables override macros defined in the makefile.
Entries of the form string1 = string2 are macro definitions. The string2 is
defined as all characters up to a comment character or an unescaped new-
line. Subsequent appearances of $( string1 [: subst1 = [ subst2 ]] ) are
replaced by string2. The parentheses are optional if a single character
macro name is used and there is no substitute sequence. The optional :
subst1i = subst2 is a substitute sequence. If it is specified, all non-
overlapping occurrences of subst1 in the named macro are replaced by
subst2. The occurrence of subst1 must be a suffix at the end of the word
string1. Strings (for the purposes of this type of substitution) are
delimited by blanks, tabs, new-line characters, and beginnings of lines. An
example of the use of the substitute sequence is shown in the Libraries
section.
The MACHINE macro is defined by make to allow for machine independent
makefiles. The default string for MACHINE is "vax", "mips", or "alpha",
according to which machine the application is running on. You can redefine
MACHINE to one of the other strings for cross development work.
Internal Macros
There are five internally maintained macros which are useful for writing
rules for building targets.
$* The macro $* stands for the file name part of the current dependent
with the suffix deleted. It is evaluated only for inference rules.
$@ The $@ macro stands for the full target name of the current target. It
is evaluated only for explicitly named dependencies.
$< The $< macro is only evaluated for inference rules or the .DEFAULT
rule. It is the module which is out-of-date with respect to the target
(that is, the manufactured dependent file name). Thus, in the .c.o
rule, the $< macro would evaluate to the .c file. Here are two examples
for making optimized .o files from .c files:
.c.o:
cc -c -O $*.c
.c.o:
cc -c -O $<
$? The $? macro is evaluated when explicit rules from the makefile are
evaluated. It is the list of prerequisites that are out of date with
respect to the target; essentially, those modules which must be
rebuilt.
$% The $% macro is only evaluated when the target is an archive library
member of the form lib(file.o). In this case, $@ evaluates to lib and
$% evaluates to the library member, file.o.
Four of the five macros can have alternative forms. When an upper case D or
F is appended to any of the four macros, the meaning is changed to
directory part for D and file part for F. Thus, $(@D) refers to the
directory part of the string $@. If there is no directory part, ./ is
generated. The only macro excluded from this alternative form is $?. The
reasons for this are debatable.
Special Names
.DEFAULT
If a file must be made but there are no explicit commands or relevant
built-in rules, the commands associated with the name .DEFAULT are used
if it exists.
.PRECIOUS
Dependents of this target are not removed when quit or interrupt is
hit.
.SILENT
Same effect as the -s option.
.IGNORE
Same effect as the -i option.
.SUFFIXES
Dependencies of the .SUFFIXES special target are added to the table of
known suffixes.
Suffixes
Certain names (for instance, those ending with .o) have prerequisites such
as .c, .s, which can be inferred. If no update commands for such a file
appear in makefile, and if an inferable prerequisite exists, that
prerequisite is compiled to make the target. In this case, make has
inference rules that allow building files from other files by examining the
suffixes and determining an appropriate inference rule to use. The current
default inference rules are:
.c .c~ .sh .sh~ .c.o .c~.o .c~.c .s.o .s~.o .y.o
.y~.o .l.o .l~.o .y.c .y~.c .l.c .c.a .c~.a .s~.a .h~.h
The internal rules for make are contained in the source file rules.c for
the make program. These rules can be locally modified. To print out the
rules compiled into make in a form suitable for recompilation, the
following command is used from /bin/sh:
make -fp - 2>/dev/null </dev/null
The only peculiarity in this output is the (null) string which printf(3)
prints when handed a null string.
A tilde in the above rules refers to an SCCS file. Thus, the rule .c~.o
would transform an SCCS C source file into an object file (.o). Because
the s. of the SCCS files is a prefix, it is incompatible with the make
suffix point-of-view. Hence, the tilde is a way of changing any file
reference into an SCCS file reference.
A rule with only one suffix (that is, .c:) is the definition of how to
build x from x.c. In effect, the other suffix is null. This is useful for
building targets from only one source file (for example, shell procedures,
simple C programs).
Additional suffixes are given as the dependency list for .SUFFIXES. Order
is significant; the first possible name for which both a file and a rule
exist is inferred as a prerequisite. The default list is:
.SUFFIXES: .o .c .y .l .s
Here again, the above command for printing the internal rules display the
list of suffixes implemented on the current machine. Multiple suffix lists
accumulate; .SUFFIXES: with no dependencies clears the list of suffixes.
Inference Rules
The first example can be done more briefly:
pgm: a.o b.o
cc a.o b.o -o pgm
a.o b.o: incl.h
This is because make has a set of internal rules for building files. The
user may add rules to this list by simply putting them in the makefile.
Certain macros are used by the default inference rules to permit the
inclusion of optional matter in any resulting commands. For example,
CFLAGS, LFLAGS, and YFLAGS are used for compiler flags to cc(1), lex(1),
and yacc(1), respectively. Again, the previous method for examining the
current rules is recommended.
The inference of prerequisites can be controlled. The rule to create a
file with suffix .o from a file with suffix .c is specified as an entry
with .c.o: as the target and no dependents. Shell commands associated with
the target define the rule for making a .o file from a .c file. Any target
that has no slashes in it and starts with a dot is identified as a rule and
not a true target.
Libraries
If a target or dependency name contains parentheses, it is assumed to be an
archive library, the string within parentheses referring to a member within
the library. Thus lib(file.o) and $(LIB)(file.o) both refer to an archive
library which contains file.o. (This assumes the LIB macro has been
previously defined.) The expression $(LIB)(file1.o file2.o) is not legal.
Rules pertaining to archive libraries have the form . XX .a where the XX is
the suffix from which the archive member is to be made. An unfortunate
byproduct of the current implementation requires the XX to be different
from the suffix of the archive member. Thus, one cannot have lib(file.o)
depend upon file.o explicitly. The most common use of the archive
interface follows. Here, it is assumed that the source files are all C type
source:
lib: lib(file1.o) lib(file2.o) lib(file3.o)
@echo lib is now up-to-date
.c.a:
$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS1) $<
ar rv $@ $*.o
rm -f $*.o
In fact, the .c.a rule listed above is built into make and is unnecessary
in this example. A more interesting, but more limited example of an archive
library maintenance construction follows:
lib: lib(file1.o) lib(file2.o) lib(file3.o)
$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(?:.o=.c)
ar rv lib $?
rm $?
@echo lib is now up-to-date
.c.a:;
Here the substitution mode of the macro expansions is used. The $? list is
defined to be the set of object file names (inside lib) whose C source
files are out-of-date. The substitution mode translates the .o to .c.
(Unfortunately, one cannot transform to .c~.) Note also, the disabling of
the .c.a: rule, which would have created each object file, one by one.
This particular construct speeds up archive library maintenance
considerably. This type of construct becomes very cumbersome if the archive
library contains a mix of assembly programs and C programs.
RESTRICTIONS
· Some commands return non-zero status inappropriately. Use -i to
overcome the difficulty.
· File names with the characters =, :, or @ do not work.
· Commands that are directly executed by the shell, notably cd(1), are
ineffectual across new-lines in make.
· The syntax (lib(file1.o file2.o file3.o) is illegal.
· You cannot build lib(file.o) from file.o. The macro $(a:.o=.c~) does
not work.
FILES
makefile
Makefile
s.makefile
s.Makefile
SEE ALSO
cc(1), cd(1), lex(1), make(1), make(1p), sh(1), yacc(1)
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