Title and Copyright Information
 
About This Manual
Audience
New and Changed Features
Organization
Related Documents
Reader's Comments
Conventions
 
1    Overview
1.1    Application Development Phases
1.2    Specification and Design Considerations
1.2.1    Standards
1.2.2    Internationalization
1.2.3    Window-Oriented Applications
1.2.4    Secure Applications
1.3    Major Software Development Tools
1.3.1    Languages Supported by the Tru64 UNIX Environment
1.3.2    Linking Object Files
1.3.3    Debugging and Program Analysis Tools
1.4    Source File Control
1.5    Program Installation Tools
1.6    Overview of Interprocess Communication Facilities
 
2    The Compiler System
2.1    Compiler System Components
2.2    Data Types in the Tru64 UNIX Environment
2.2.1    Data Type Sizes
2.2.2    Floating-Point Range and Processing
2.2.3    Structure Alignment
2.2.4    Bit-Field Alignment
2.2.5    The _ _align Storage Class Modifier
2.3    Using the C Preprocessor
2.3.1    Predefined Macros
2.3.2    Header Files
2.3.3    Setting Up Multilanguage Include Files
2.3.4    Implementation-Specific Preprocessor Directives (#pragma)
2.4    Compiling Source Programs
2.4.1    Default Compilation Behavior
2.4.2    Compiling Multilanguage Programs
2.4.3    Enabling Run-Time Checking of Array Bounds
2.5    Linking Object Files
2.5.1    Linking with Compiler Commands
2.5.2    Linking with the ld Command
2.5.3    Specifying Libraries
2.6    Running Programs
2.7    Object File Tools
2.7.1    Dumping Selected Parts of Files (odump)
2.7.2    Listing Symbol Table Information (nm)
2.7.3    Determining a File's Type (file)
2.7.4    Determining a File's Segment Sizes (size)
2.7.5    Disassembling an Object File (dis)
2.8    ANSI Name Space Pollution Cleanup in the Standard C Library
 
3    Pragma Preprocessor Directives
3.1    The #pragma environment Directive
3.2    The #pragma extern_prefix Directive
3.3    The #pragma inline Directive
3.4    The #pragma intrinsic and #pragma function Directives
3.5    The #pragma linkage Directive
3.6    The #pragma member_alignment Directive
3.7    The #pragma message Directive
3.7.1    #pragma messsage option1
3.7.2    #pragma message option2
3.7.3    #pragma message ("string")
3.8    The #pragma pack Directive
3.9    The #pragma pointer_size Directive
3.10    The #pragma use_linkage Directive
3.11    The #pragma weak Directive
 
4    Shared Libraries
4.1    Shared Library Overview
4.2    Resolving Symbols
4.2.1    Search Path of the Linker
4.2.2    Search Path of the Run-time Loader
4.2.3    Name Resolution
4.2.4    Options to Determine Handling of Unresolved External Symbols
4.3    Linking with Shared Libraries
4.4    Turning Off Shared Libraries
4.5    Creating Shared Libraries
4.5.1    Creating Shared Libraries from Object Files
4.5.2    Creating Shared Libraries from Archive Libraries
4.6    Working with Private Shared Libraries
4.7    Using Quickstart
4.7.1    Verifying that an Object Is Quickstarting
4.7.2    Manually Tracking Down Quickstart Problems
4.7.3    Tracking Down Quickstart Problems with the fixso Utility
4.8    Debugging Programs Linked with Shared Libraries
4.9    Loading a Shared Library at Run Time
4.10    Protecting Shared Library Files
4.11    Shared Library Versioning
4.11.1    Binary Incompatible Modifications
4.11.2    Shared Library Versions
4.11.3    Major and Minor Versions Identifiers
4.11.4    Full and Partial Versions of Shared Libraries
4.11.5    Linking with Multiple Versions of Shared Libraries
4.11.6    Version Checking at Load Time
4.11.7    Multiple Version Checking at Load Time
4.12    Symbol Binding
4.13    Shared Library Restrictions
 
5    Debugging Programs with dbx
5.1    General Debugging Considerations
5.1.1    Reasons for Using a Source-Level Debugger
5.1.2    Explanation of Activation Levels
5.1.3    Isolating Program Execution Failures
5.1.4    Diagnosing Incorrect Output Results
5.1.5    Avoiding Pitfalls
5.2    Running dbx
5.2.1    Compiling a Program for Debugging
5.2.2    Creating a dbx Initialization File
5.2.3    Invoking and Terminating dbx
5.3    Using dbx Commands
5.3.1    Qualifying Variable Names
5.3.2    dbx Expressions and Their Precedence
5.3.3    dbx Data Types and Constants
5.4    Working with the dbx Monitor
5.4.1    Repeating dbx Commands
5.4.2    Editing the dbx Command Line
5.4.3    Entering Multiple Commands
5.4.4    Completing Symbol Names
5.5    Controlling dbx
5.5.1    Setting and Removing Variables
5.5.2    Predefined dbx Variables
5.5.3    Defining and Removing Aliases
5.5.4    Monitoring Debugging Session Status
5.5.5    Deleting and Disabling Breakpoints
5.5.6    Displaying the Names of Loaded Object Files
5.5.7    Specifying the Location of Shared Libraries for Core Dumps
5.5.8    Invoking a Subshell from Within dbx
5.6    Examining Source Programs
5.6.1    Specifying the Locations of Source Files
5.6.2    Moving Up or Down in the Activation Stack
5.6.2.1    Using the where and tstack Commands
5.6.2.2    Using the up, down, and func Commands
5.6.3    Changing the Current Source File
5.6.4    Listing Source Code
5.6.5    Searching for Text in Source Files
5.6.6    Editing Source Files from Within dbx
5.6.7    Identifying Variables that Share the Same Name
5.6.8    Examining Variable and Procedure Types
5.7    Controlling the Program
5.7.1    Running and Rerunning the Program
5.7.2    Executing the Program Step by Step
5.7.3    Using the return Command
5.7.4    Going to a Specific Place in the Code
5.7.5    Resuming Execution After a Breakpoint
5.7.6    Changing the Values of Program Variables
5.7.7    Patching Executable Disk Files
5.7.8    Running a Specific Procedure
5.7.9    Setting Environment Variables
5.8    Setting Breakpoints
5.8.1    Overview
5.8.2    Setting Breakpoints with stop and stopi
5.8.3    Tracing Variables During Execution
5.8.4    Writing Conditional Code in dbx
5.8.5    Catching and Ignoring Signals
5.9    Examining Program State
5.9.1    Printing the Values of Variables and Expressions
5.9.2    Displaying Activation-Level Information with the dump Command
5.9.3    Displaying the Contents of Memory
5.9.4    Recording and Playing Back Portions of a dbx Session
5.9.4.1    Recording and Playing Back Input
5.9.4.2    Recording and Playing Back Output
5.10    Enabling Core-Dump File Naming
5.10.1    Enabling Core-File Naming at the System Level
5.10.2    Enabling Core-File Naming at the Application Level
5.11    Debugging a Running Process
5.12    Debugging Multithreaded Applications
5.13    Debugging Multiple Asynchronous Processes
5.14    Sample Program
 
6    Checking C Programs with lint
6.1    Syntax of the lint Command
6.2    Program Flow Checking
6.3    Data Type Checking
6.3.1    Binary Operators and Implied Assignments
6.3.2    Structures and Unions
6.3.3    Function Definition and Uses
6.3.4    Enumerators
6.3.5    Type Casts
6.4    Variable and Function Checking
6.4.1    Inconsistent Function Return
6.4.2    Function Values that Are Not Used
6.4.3    Disabling Function-Related Checking
6.5    Checking on the Use of Variables Before They Are Initialized
6.6    Migration Checking
6.7    Portability Checking
6.7.1    Character Uses
6.7.2    Bit Field Uses
6.7.3    External Name Size
6.7.4    Multiple Uses and Side Effects
6.8    Checking for Coding Errors and Coding Style Differences
6.8.1    Assignments of Long Variables to Integer Variables
6.8.2    Operator Precedence
6.8.3    Conflicting Declarations
6.9    Increasing Table Size
6.10    Creating a lint Library
6.10.1    Creating the Input File
6.10.2    Creating the lint Library File
6.10.3    Checking a Program with a New Library
6.11    Understanding lint Error Messages
6.12    Using Warning Class Options to Suppress lint Messages
6.13    Generating Function Prototypes for Compile-Time Detection of Syntax Errors
 
7    Debugging Programs with Third Degree
7.1    Running Third Degree on an Application
7.1.1    Using Third Degree with Shared Libraries
7.2    Debugging Example
7.2.1    Customizing Third Degree
7.2.2    Modifying the Makefile
7.2.3    Examining the Third Degree Log File
7.2.3.1    List of Run-Time Memory Access Errors
7.2.3.2    Memory Leaks
7.2.3.3    Heap History
7.2.3.4    Memory Layout
7.3    Interpreting Third Degree Error Messages
7.3.1    Fixing Errors and Retrying an Application
7.3.2    Detecting Uninitialized Values
7.3.3    Locating Source Files
7.4    Examining an Application's Heap Usage
7.4.1    Detecting Memory Leaks
7.4.2    Reading Heap and Leak Reports
7.4.3    Searching for Leaks
7.4.4    Interpreting the Heap History
7.5    Using Third Degree on Programs with Insufficient Symbolic Information
7.6    Validating Third Degree Error Reports
7.7    Undetected Errors
 
8    Profiling Programs to Improve Performance
8.1    Overview
8.2    Profiling Sample Program
8.3    Compilation Options for Profiling
8.4    Automatic and Profile-Directed Optimizations
8.4.1    Techniques
8.4.2    Tools and Examples
8.4.2.1    Automatic Optimization
8.4.2.2    Profile-Directed Optimization
8.4.2.3    Profile-Directed Reordering
8.5    Manual Design and Code Optimizations
8.5.1    Techniques
8.5.2    Tools and Examples
8.5.2.1    CPU-Time Profiling with Call Graph
8.5.2.2    CPU-Time/Event Profiles for Sourcelines/Instructions
8.6    Minimizing System Resource Usage
8.6.1    Techniques
8.6.2    Tools and Examples
8.6.2.1    System Monitors
8.6.2.2    Heap Memory Analyzers
8.7    Verifying the Significance of Test Cases
8.7.1    Techniques
8.7.2    Tools and Examples
8.8    Selecting Profiling Information to Display
8.8.1    Limiting Profiling Display to Specific Procedures
8.8.2    Displaying Profiling Information for Each Source Line
8.8.3    Limiting Profiling Display by Line
8.8.4    Including Shared Libraries in the Profiling Information
8.8.4.1    Specifying the Location of Instrumented Shared Libraries
8.9    Merging Profile Data Files
8.9.1    Data File-Naming Conventions
8.9.2    Data File-Merging Techniques
8.10    Profiling Multithreaded Applications
8.11    Using monitor Routines to Control Profiling
 
9    Using and Developing Atom Tools
9.1    Running Atom Tools
9.1.1    Using Installed Tools
9.1.2    Testing Tools Under Development
9.1.3    Atom Options
9.2    Developing Atom Tools
9.2.1    Atom's View of an Application
9.2.2    Atom Instrumentation Routine
9.2.3    Atom Instrumentation Interfaces
9.2.3.1    Navigating Within a Program
9.2.3.2    Building Objects
9.2.3.3    Obtaining Information About an Application's Components
9.2.3.4    Resolving Procedure Names and Call Targets
9.2.3.5    Adding Calls to Analysis Routines to a Program
9.2.4    Atom Description File
9.2.5    Writing Analysis Procedures
9.2.5.1    Input/Output
9.2.5.2    fork and exec System Calls
9.2.6    Determining the Instrumented PC from an Analysis Routine
9.2.7    Sample Tools
9.2.7.1    Procedure Tracing
9.2.7.2    Profile Tool
9.2.7.3    Data Cache Simulation Tool
 
10    Optimizing Techniques
10.1    Guidelines to Build an Application Program
10.1.1    Compilation Considerations
10.1.2    Linking and Loading Considerations
10.1.3    Using the Postlink Optimizer
10.1.4    Preprocessing and Postprocessing Considerations
10.1.5    Library Routine Selection
10.2    Application Coding Guidelines
10.2.1    Data-Type Considerations
10.2.2    Using Direct I/O on AdvFS Files
10.2.3    Cache Usage and Data Alignment Considerations
10.2.4    General Coding Considerations
 
11    Handling Exception Conditions
11.1    Exception-Handling Overview
11.1.1    C Compiler Syntax
11.1.2    libexc Library Routines
11.1.3    Header Files that Support Exception Handling
11.2    Raising an Exception from a User Program
11.3    Writing a Structured Exception Handler
11.4    Writing a Termination Handler
 
12    Developing Thread-Safe Libraries
12.1    Overview of Thread Support
12.2    Run-Time Library Changes for POSIX Conformance
12.3    Characteristics of Thread-Safe and Reentrant Routines
12.3.1    Examples of Nonthread-Safe Coding Practices
12.4    Writing Thread-Safe Code
12.4.1    Using TIS for Thread-Specific Data
12.4.1.1    Overview of TIS
12.4.1.2    Using Thread-Specific Data
12.4.2    Using Thread Local Storage
12.4.2.1    The _ _thread Attribute
12.4.2.2    Guidelines and Restrictions
12.4.3    Using Mutex Locks to Share Data Between Threads
12.5    Building Multithreaded Applications
12.5.1    Compiling Multithreaded C Applications
12.5.2    Linking Multithreaded C Applications
12.5.3    Building Multithreaded Applications in Other Languages
 
13    OpenMP Parallel Processing
13.1    Compilation Options
13.2    Environment Variables
13.3    Run-Time Performance Tuning
13.3.1    Schedule Type and Chunksize Settings
13.3.2    Additional Controls
13.4    Common Programming Problems
13.4.1    Scoping
13.4.2    Deadlock
13.4.3    Threadprivate Storage
13.4.4    Using Locks
13.5    Implementation-Specific Behavior
13.6    Debugging
13.6.1    Background Information Needed for Debugging
13.6.2    Debugging and Application-Analysis Tools
13.6.2.1    Ladebug
13.6.2.2    Visual Threads
13.6.2.3    Atom and OpenMP Tools
13.6.2.4    Other Debugging Aids
 
14    Posting and Receiving EVM Events
14.1    Events and Event Management
14.2    Overview of How EVM Events Are Handled
14.3    Starting and Stopping EVM
14.4    Authorization to Post and Receive Events
14.5    Contents of an EVM Event
14.5.1    Standard Data Items
14.5.1.1    Event Name Data Item
14.5.1.1.1    Reserved Component Names
14.5.1.1.2    Comparing Event Names
14.5.1.2    Event Format Data Item
14.5.1.3    Event Priority Data Item
14.5.1.4    I18N Catalog Name, Message Set ID, and Message ID Data Items
14.5.1.5    Reference Data Item
14.5.2    Variable Data Items
14.6    Designing a Set of Events
14.6.1    Deciding Which Status Changes Are Eventworthy
14.6.2    Writing Event Explanation Text
14.6.3    Designing Event Templates
14.6.3.1    Deciding what to Put in an Event Template
14.6.3.2    Matching the Names of Posted Events with Event Template Names
14.6.3.3    Merging Data Items from Templates and Posted Events
14.6.3.4    Installing Template Files -- Location, Naming, Ownership, and Permission Requirements
14.6.3.5    Checking Event Template Registration
14.6.4    Establishing Translations for Event Text (I18N)
14.7    The EVM Programming Interface
14.7.1    The EVM Header File
14.7.2    The EVM API Library
14.7.3    Return Status Codes
14.7.4    Signal Handling
14.7.5    EVM In Multithreaded Programs
14.7.6    Reassigning and Replicating EVM Events
14.7.7    Callback Functions
14.7.8    Handling Disconnections
14.7.9    Using Event Filters
14.7.10    Sample EVM Programming Operations
14.7.10.1    Performing Simple Event Manipulations
14.7.10.2    Using Variable-Length Argument Lists
14.7.10.3    Adding and Retrieving Variables
14.7.10.4    Posting Events
14.7.10.5    Reading and Writing Events
14.7.10.6    Subscribing for Event Notification
14.7.10.7    Handling Multiple I/O Sources
14.7.10.8    Using Filter Evaluators
14.7.10.9    Matching Event Names
14.7.10.10    Dealing with Missed Events
14.8    Adding an Event Channel to EVM
14.8.1    The Get Function
14.8.2    The Details Function
14.8.3    The Explain Function
14.8.4    The Monitor Function
14.8.5    The Cleanup Function
14.8.6    Channel Security
 
A    Using 32-Bit Pointers on Tru64 UNIX Systems
A.1    Compiler-System and Language Support for 32-Bit Pointers
A.2    Using the -taso Option
A.2.1    Use and Effects of the -taso Option
A.2.2    Limits on the Effects of the -taso Option
A.3    Using the -xtaso or -xtaso_short Option
A.3.1    Coding Considerations Associated with Changing Pointer Sizes
A.3.2    Restrictions on the Use of 32-Bit Pointers
A.3.3    Avoiding Problems with System Header Files
 
B    Differences in the System V Habitat
B.1    Source Code Compatibility
B.2    Summary of System Calls and Library Routines
 
C    Creating Dynamically Configurable Kernel Subsystems
C.1    Overview of Dynamically Configurable Subsystems
C.2    Overview of Attribute Tables
C.2.1    Definition Attribute Table
C.2.2    Example Definition Attribute Table
C.2.3    Communication Attribute Table
C.2.4    Example Communication Attribute Table
C.3    Creating a Configuration Routine
C.3.1    Performing Initial Configuration
C.3.2    Responding to Query Requests
C.3.3    Responding to Reconfigure Requests
C.3.4    Performing Subsystem-Defined Operations
C.3.5    Unconfiguring the Subsystem
C.3.6    Returning from the Configuration Routine
C.4    Allowing for Operating System Revisions in Loadable Subsystems
C.5    Building and Loading Loadable Subsystems
C.6    Building a Static Configurable Subsystem Into the Kernel
C.7    Testing Your Subsystem
 
D    Parallel Processing -- Old Style
D.1    Use of Parallel-Processing Pragmas
D.1.1    General Coding Rules
D.1.2    General Use
D.1.3    Nesting Parallel Directives
D.2    Parallel-Processing Pragma Syntax
D.2.1    #pragma parallel
D.2.2    #pragma pfor
D.2.3    #pragma psection and #pragma section
D.2.4    #pragma critical
D.2.5    #pragma one processor
D.2.6    #pragma synchronize
D.2.7    #pragma enter gate and #pragma exit gate
D.3    Environment Variables
 
E    Handling Names of Device Special Files
 
Examples
5-1    Sample Program Used in dbx Examples
8-1    Profiling Sample Program
8-2    Sample Profile-Directed Optimization Output
8-3    Sample hiprof Default Profile Using gprof
8-4    Sample hiprof -cycles Profile Using gprof
8-5    Sample cc -pg Profile Using gprof
8-6    Sample uprofile CPU-Time Profile Using prof
8-7    Sample uprofile Data-Cache-Misses Profile Using prof
8-8    Sample hiprof -lines PC-Sampling Profile
8-9    Sample cc -p Profile Using prof
8-10    Sample pixie Profile Using prof
8-11    Sample third Log File
8-12    Using monstartup() and monitor()
8-13    Allocating Profiling Buffers Within a Program
8-14    Using monitor_signal() to Profile Nonterminating Programs
10-1    Pointers and Optimization
11-1    Handling a SIGSEGV Signal as a Structured Exception
11-2    Handling an IEEE Floating-Point SIGFPE as a Structured Exception
11-3    Multiple Structured Exception Handlers
11-4    Abnormal Termination of a Try Block by an Exception
12-1    Threads Programming Example
14-1    Sample Event Explanation Text
14-2    Performing Simple Event Manipulations
14-3    Using Variable-Length Argument Lists
14-4    Adding and Retrieving Variables
14-5    Posting Events
14-6    Reading and Writing Events
14-7    Subscribing for Event Notification
14-8    Handling Multiple I/O Sources
14-9    Using Filter Evaluators
14-10    Matching Event Names
14-11    Dealing with Missed Events
C-1    Example Attribute Table
 
Figures
2-1    Compiling a Program
2-2    Default Structure Alignment
2-3    Default Bit-Field Alignment
2-4    Padding to the Next Pack Boundary
4-1    Use of Archive and Shared Libraries
4-2    Linking with Multiple Versions of Shared Libraries
4-3    Invalid Multiple Version Dependencies Among Shared Objects: Example 1
4-4    Invalid Multiple Version Dependencies Among Shared Objects: Example 2
4-5    Invalid Multiple Version Dependencies Among Shared Objects: Example 3
4-6    Valid Uses of Multiple Versions of Shared Libraries: Example 1
4-7    Valid Uses of Multiple Versions of Shared Libraries: Example 2
14-1    EVM Overview
14-2    Posted Event and Template Merging
A-1    Layout of Memory Under -taso Option
B-1    System Call Resolution
C-1    System Attribute Value Initialization
 
Tables
1-1    Programming Phases and Tru64 UNIX
2-1    Compiler System Functions
2-2    File Suffixes and Associated Files
3-1    Intrinsic Functions
4-1    Linker Options that Control Shared Library Versioning
5-1    Keywords Used in Command Syntax Descriptions
5-2    dbx Command Options
5-3    The dbx Number-Sign Expression Operator
5-4    Expression Operator Precedence
5-5    Built-in Data Types
5-6    Input Constants
5-7    Command-Line Editing Commands in emacs mode
5-8    Predefined dbx Variables
5-9    Modes for Displaying Memory Addresses
6-1    lint Warning Classes
9-1    Example Prepackaged Atom Tools
9-2    Atom Object Query Routines
9-3    Atom Procedure Query Routines
9-4    Atom Basic Block Query Routines
9-5    Atom Instruction Query Routines
11-1    Header Files that Support Exception Handling
14-1    Standard Data Items
14-2    Substituting Variables into Event Text
14-3    EVM's Variable Data Types
14-4    Name Matching Examples
14-5    Example Data Item Values for an Internationalized Event
B-1    System Call Summary
B-2    Library Function Summary
C-1    Attribute Data Types
C-2    Codes that Determine the Requests Allowed for an Attribute
C-3    Attribute Status Codes
 
Index