5    DECwindows Desktop Applications

When Paint starts, it will display the image file mypicture.img.

Table 5-1: Starting DECwindows Motif Applications

To start this application	Use this command
Bookreader	dxbook
Calendar	dxcalendar
Calculator	dxcalc
Cardfiler	dxcardfiler
CDA Viewer	dxvdoc
Clock	dxclock
DECterm	dxterm
Mail	dxmail
Notepad	dxnotepad
Paint	dxpaint
Print Screen	dxprint -X
Visual Differences	dxdiff

5.1.1    Changing Settings

Each application starts with a set of predefined, or default, options. Many applications let you change these default settings by means of an Options or Customize menu. For example, you can:

• Use the Session Manager Options menu to enable security options, change your keyboard language, or change the way the Session Manager starts applications

• Use the Mail Customize menu to select who you want copied on mail replies or select a preferred main window style

• Use the Notepad Options menu to set word-wrap, case-sensitive searches, and font attributes

Pull down the application's Options or Customize menu to see which settings you can change.

5.1.2    For More Information

For complete information about using each application, pull down the Help menu on any window and choose the menu item for the area where you need help.

For more information of using the help menu, see Section 2.2.

If you or your system manager installed the reference page subset on your system, you can also look up reference information for each application by using the man command in a terminal window.

Use the command name described in Table 5-1 as input to the man command. For example, to read the Paint reference page, enter the following command in a terminal window:

You can also read reference pages with the Bookreader software. Section 5.2 provides more information on the Bookreader. Click on the DIGITAL UNIX Operating System bookshelf to find the Reference Pages bookshelf. The reference pages for the applications described in this chapter are available in Reference Pages Section 1.

5.2    Using Bookreader

With the Bookreader software, you can read online documentation on your workstation screen. To start Bookreader, see Section 5.1. When the Bookreader starts, libraries of books available from Bookreader appear in a library window:

Libraries contain groups of related book titles. Each library and title has an icon to the left of it to indicate whether it is a library or a book.

To display the titles of books in a library, double click on the library. A list of book titles for that library appears.

5.2.1    Opening a Book

To open a book, double click on the book's title in the library window. The table of contents for the book you opened appears in a navigation window on your screen:

5.2.1.1    Locating Topics in the Navigation Window

The navigation window contains the main sections of the book, which are typically:

Contents


Figures


Tables


Examples


Index

Notice that some topics are preceded by arrows:

• An arrow that points to a topic indicates that the topic contains subtopics that do not appear on the screen at the moment.

  To display the subtopics, double click on the topic's arrow. Alternatively, you can click on the topic's arrow and choose Expand or Fully Expand from the View menu.

  

• An arrow that points downward indicates that the subtopics are already displayed on the screen. Double click on the downward arrow to turn off display of the subtopics or click on the topic's arrow and choose Collapse from the View menu.

5.2.2    Opening a Topic to Read Text

To open a topic for reading, double click on the topic listed in the navigation window. The topic you opened appears in a new window called the topic window, as shown in the next illustration.

Use the buttons and arrows at the bottom of the window to move through the text. To close the topic that is displayed on the screen, click on the Close button:

To move to the next topic or the previous topic, click on the arrow to the right or the left of the word Topic:

To go back to one or more of the topics viewed previously, click on the Go Back button until you reach the topic you want. A dimmed button, as shown, means that you are at the first topic:

To move to the next screen or the previous screen, click on the arrow to the right or the left of the word Screen. If the end of the current topic appears, moving to the next screen opens the next topic.

You might want to display more than one topic at a time. For example, you can open an appendix in one topic window while browsing through a chapter in another. Click on the topic in the navigation window or on a hotspot in topic window and choose the Open Topic in New Window menu item from the File menu.

5.2.2.1    Navigating with Hotspots

Hotspots are highlighted cross-references in the text. The highlighting is a box that surrounds the text of the reference such as a table, figure, or section title.

When you double click on a hotspot, Bookreader takes you directly to the referenced area. This saves you from going back to the table of contents and opening a new topic. The cross-referenced text replaces the current text in the topic window.

By default, hotspots are highlighted only when you position the pointer on them. You can turn on continuous highlighting by choosing Hotspots from the View menu.

5.2.2.2    Displaying Figures, Tables, and Examples

When you double click on a highlighted figure, table, example, or footnote, the reference appears in a separate window.

Text or part of a graphic may sometimes be hidden by the window boundaries. This happens when the width or length of the text or graphic is larger than the window. Use the horizontal or vertical scroll bars to display the hidden area, or use MB1 to enlarge the window (see Section 3.2.4).

5.2.3    Summary of Other Bookreader Features

Other Bookreader features allow you to:

• Access a library that is not included in the list of default libraries or specify a library that resides in your directory under a file name with the .decw_bookshelf file extension

• Read a book that is not included in the default libraries or read books that reside in your directory under file names with a .decw_book extension

• Open multiple books in separate windows

For more information, use the online Help for Bookreader.

5.2.4    Something to Try

If you have not already done so, try starting Bookreader now. Double click on in the library window and practice some of the techniques described in this section.

5.3    Using Calculator

Calculator functions like a handheld calculator: It performs simple arithmetic functionsaddition, subtraction, multiplication, divisionand computes percentages and square roots. Calculator also performs trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions, generates random numbers, and performs other more advanced operations. To start Calculator, see Section 5.1.

Unlike a handheld calculator, Calculator has two displays. The top display is the accumulator, which shows the number being entered or the current result, and the bottom display is the memory.

This section describes how to:

• Change from decimal mode to hexadecimal or octal mode

• Enter data

• Perform arithmetic functions

• Use the memory

• Perform special functions

• Transfer data to or from other applications

• Save customized settings

5.3.1    Changing the Mode

Calculator has three modes: decimal, hexadecimal, and octal. To change Calculator to hexadecimal mode, choose Hexadecimal from the Mode menu. Calculator appears on your screen in hexadecimal mode as shown in the following figure.

To change Calculator to octal mode, choose Octal from the Mode menu. Calculator appears on your screen in octal mode as shown in the following figure.

5.3.2    Entering Data

You can use Calculator with either the mouse or the keyboard.

• With the mouse, point to the appropriate button and click MB1.

• From the keyboard, press the keys listed in the following table.

Keyboard Key	Keypad or Special-Function Key	Produces
All Modes
0-9	0-9	Numbers 0-9 (0-7 in octal mode)
/	PF2	/
*	PF1	*
-	-	-
+	,	+
=	Enter	=
MC	Ctrl+F4	MC
MR	Ctrl+F5	MR
M+	Ctrl+F6	M+
M-	Ctrl+F7	M-
Decimal Mode
.	.	.
P		pi
N	PF3	+/-
%	PF4	%
C	Shift+F1	Clear
E	Shift+F2	Clear Entry
D	Ctrl+F8	deg (switches the trigonometric argument type: deg, rad, or grad)
!	Ctrl+F9	x! (x factorial)
~	Ctrl+F10	1/x
R	Ctrl+F11	Rnd
I	Shift+F3	Inv (switches sin, cos, and tan to the inverse)
S	Shift+F4	sin (sine)
O	Shift+F5	cos (cosine, or arccosine if Inv is on)
T	Shift+F6	tan (tangent, or arctangent if Inv is on)
LO	Shift+F7	log (or 10 to x if Inv is on)
LN	Shift+F8	ln (or e to x if Inv is on)
Q	Shift+F9	square root function
^	Shift+F10	y^x (or y to the 1/x if Inv is on)
Hexadecimal and Octal Modes
&	Ctrl+F8	and
vbar	Ctrl+F9	or
^	Ctrl+F10	xor
	Ctrl+F11	nor
~	Shift+F9	not
!	Shift+F10	neg
C (octal only)	Shift+F1	Clear
E (octal only)	Shift+F2	Clear Entry
Hexadecimal Mode
A	Shift+F3	A
B	Shift+F4	B
C	Shift+F5	C
D	Shift+F6	D
E	Shift+F7	E
F	Shift+F8	F
Ctrl+C	Shift+F1	Clear
	Shift+F2	Clear Entry

When you enter data into the accumulator, notice that Calculator uses a radix separator (. or ,) to distinguish between entered digits and an operand. To see this, enter the following data:

1. Enter 1134. Notice that a radix separator does not appear in the accumulator.

2. Enter a plus sign (+). Calculator inserts a decimal point after the number 1134 to signify the completion of an operand.

Depending on the contents of the accumulator, you can use one of the following methods to correct mistakes in computation:

• To erase the last digit you entered into the accumulator, press the <X] key.

• To clear the accumulator, click on the CE button.

• To reverse the last operation, choose Undo from the Edit menu. For example, choose Undo to restore the last operand or to remove the previous paste operation.

5.3.3    Performing Arithmetic Functions

Calculator displays numbers in the range of plus or minus 99,999,999,999,999. Calculator performs all calculations in left-to-right order and treats operators with equal importance.

For example, to evaluate the equation 6 + 5 * 3:

1. Find the sum of 6 + 5.

   Calculator displays an 11.

2. Figure the product of 11 * 3.

   The result is 33.

Also note the way Calculator computes percentages. For example, to determine 6 percent of 195:

1. Enter 195.

   Calculator displays the number in the accumulator.

2. Enter * and Calculator inserts a decimal point.

3. Enter 6.

   The number 6 appears in the accumulator.

4. Enter %.

   The result, 11.7, appears in the accumulator.

5.3.4    Storing Values in Memory

Use the memory display to store results and values for later computation. The figure in memory starts as zero. You can add the contents of the accumulator to memory or subtract the contents of the accumulator from memory by using the M+ and M- buttons, respectively. To enter the contents of memory into the accumulator, click on the MR button. To clear the contents of memory, click on the MC button.

5.3.5    Performing Special Functions

Calculator performs trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions as well as other special functions.

The special-function keys in decimal mode are as follows:

Key	Description
Decimal Mode
deg	Degree key. Selects the units for angular measurement. By default, Calculator is in degree mode. Clicking on the deg key places Calculator in the radian mode, which is indicated by the key label changing to "rad". Clicking on the key again places Calculator in gradient mode, which is indicated by the key label changing to "grad". The angular mode has no effect on Calculator unless the trigonometric functions are being used.
x!	Factorial key. Calculates the factorial (x)(x - 1)(x - 2)...(2)(1) of the displayed integer x, for integers 0<=x<=16. 0! = 1 by definition.
1/x	Reciprocal key. Divides the displayed value x into 1, if x is not 0.
Rnd	Random number generator key. Generates a random number between 1 and the integer of the display. It does not generate negative numbers or numbers less than 1.
Inv	Inversion key. By default, Calculator performs noninverted trigonometric functions. When you activate the inversion key by clicking on it (which is indicated by the key becoming darkened), Calculator performs inverted trigonometric, log, and exponent functions.
sin	Sine key. Instructs Calculator to find the sine (or arcsine if Inverse is on) of the displayed value.
cos	Cosine key. Instructs Calculator to find the cosine (or arccosine if Inverse is on) of the displayed value.
tan	Tangent key. Instructs Calculator to find the tangent (or arctangent if Inverse is on) of the displayed value.
log	Common logarithm key. Calculates the common logarithm (base 10) of the number x in the display, if x is greater than 0. If Inverse is on, calculates 10 to x.
ln	Natural logarithm key. Calculates the natural logarithm (base e) of the number x in the display, if x is greater than 0. If Inverse is on, calculates e to x.
square root	Square root key. Calculates the square root of the number x in the display. The x value cannot be negative.
y^x	y to the xth power key. Raises the displayed value y to the xth power (or y to the 1/x power if Inverse is on). Order of entry is y y^x x. The y value cannot be negative, but both x and y can be fractionals.

The special-function keys in hexadecimal mode are as follows:

Key	Description
Hexadecimal Mode
A	Enter hexadecimal number A (decimal 10).
B	Enter hexadecimal number B (decimal 11).
C	Enter hexadecimal number C (decimal 12).
D	Enter hexadecimal number D (decimal 13).
E	Enter hexadecimal number E (decimal 14).
F	Enter hexadecimal number F (decimal 15).

The special-function keys in hexadecimal and octal modes are as follows:

Key	Description
Hexadecimal and Octal Modes
and	In Boolean algebra, calculates logic AND (both propositions are true).
or	In Boolean algebra, calculates logic OR (either proposition is true or both propositions are true).
xor	In Boolean algebra, calculates logic XOR (either of the propositions is true).
nor	In Boolean algebra, calculates logic NOR (both propositions are false).
not	In Boolean algebra, calculates logic NOT (negation).
neg	In Boolean algebra, calculates NEG (the complement of x).

5.3.6    Copying Text

You can copy numbers from another application into Calculator's accumulator and from Calculator's accumulator or memory into another application.

To transfer data from the active display in the calculator window to another application window, choose Copy from the Edit menu. For example:

1. Click on the accumulator display.

2. Enter a number into the accumulator.

3. Choose Copy from the Edit menu, or for greater speed, press and hold MB3 to display a pop-up menu and choose the Copy menu item.

Now you can paste the data to another application's window.

To copy data from another application, select the data and use the application's copy function. Then choose Paste from Calculator's Edit menu. You can paste a number, or you can paste an equation like 4147.4*24=. Calculator will display the result, 99537.6. Calculator treats the contents of a paste operation just as if you entered the data from the keyboard. The following figure illustrates pasting an equation copied from a Cardfiler card into Calculator.

5.3.7    Saving Customized Settings

If you change the screen placement and size of Calculator during a session and want to save those settings, choose Save Geometry from the File menu. The next time you start Calculator, the display reflects the new settings.

To restore the default size and placement of Calculator, choose Restore System Settings from the File menu.

5.4    Using Calendar

Calendar combines the functions of a desktop calendar and an appointment book to help you keep track of your meetings and plan your time. Calendar lets you look at the display for a full year or month and also allows you to review your scheduled appointments one day at a time. To start Calendar, see Section 5.1.

You can create several different calendars to use for specific purposes. For example, you can create calendars to:

• Keep track of your personal engagements

• Schedule conference room reservations

• Share with a group for group meetings and activities

Calendar has three main displays: day, month, and year. When it starts, Calendar presents the month display on your screen.

The month display shows the current month and year with the days of the month arranged in weekly rows. The current day has a box surrounding it.

You can move among or within displays as follows:

• To move to a day, month, or year display, double click on a day or year number or a month name. For example, double click on a day number in a month display to change the calendar window to a display of the selected day; or double click on the year number in a day display to change the window into a calendar of the current year.

• Use vertical or horizontal scroll bars to move backward and forward within a display. For example, in the day display use the bar under the months or the bar to the right of the time slots.

• Use the View menu to display a selected item, the day display for today, or the specified type of display (month, day, year).

In the month and year displays, Calendar helps you distinguish between days containing appointments and free days. When you enter an appointment, the day number changes from a normal (roman) font to an italic font wherever it is displayed. On a color workstation, the day number for days with entries appears in the highlight color.

5.4.1    Creating an Entry in the Day Display

The day display shows the time slots for that day. You can type entries, such as appointments, directly into the time slots; or you can use the Entry Editor to type longer entries and specify other options, such as alarms, to remind yourself of appointments.

To record an entry directly in your time display:

1. Display the day for which you want to make the entry.

2. Click (and drag to expand, if necessary) on the desired time slot.

3. Enter the desired text in the time slot.

4. Click in the highlighted area at the left of the time slot (where the times are displayed).

   This action completes the time slot entry.

To create a long entry or to specify options for the entry, use the time slot Entry Editor:

1. Double click on the desired time slot in the day display.

   The Entry Editor dialog box is displayed. See illustration, below.

2. Enter the text.

   You can use the Tab key, the space bar, Return, and the arrow keys to format the text.

3. Adjust the alarms and repeat intervals as required.

4. If you want, click on icons to add or remove them from the entry display.

   These icons are symbols that act as reminders for the contents of the entry. Calendar attaches no particular meaning to them.

   In the Entry Editor dialog box, icons currently associated with the entry are displayed next to the text entry field, immediately to its left. You can control which icons are displayed by clicking on icons in the list of icons displayed in two rows, lower in the dialog box.

   If an icon is already displayed next to the text entry field, clicking on the same icon in the two-row list of icons removes it from next to the text entry field. If an icon is not displayed next to the text entry field, clicking on it in the two-row list places it next to the text entry field.

   When you OK the dialog box, the icons next to the text entry field will be displayed in the handle of the timeslot entry in the day view.

5. Click OK to confirm the entry and to dismiss the Entry Editor.

If you exit from the Entry Editor without entering any text, or if you delete all the text describing a previous entry, the time slot remains unscheduled.

The Entry Editor dialog box is shown below.

5.4.2    Sending and Receiving Calendar Entries Through Mail

You can send and receive calendar entries through electronic mail. To do so, you must display both the Calendar entry (or only the correct day display if you are receiving the entry) and a Create-Send window in DECwindows Mail.

To send an entry through electronic mail:

1. Open a Create-Send window in Mail.

2. Select the entry from Calendar by clicking MB1 on the entry's handle.

3. Position the mouse pointer in the Create-Send message area.

4. Click MB2.

To receive an entry through electronic mail:

1. Open the day view and use MB1 to select the text from an existing mail message.

2. Use MB1 to give Calendar input focus.

3. Click MB2 on the Calendar time slot where you want to copy the mail text.

You can also use the Copy and Paste menu items on the Edit menu to copy information from calendar entries to mail messages and vice versa.

5.4.3    Summary of Other Calendar Features

With Calendar, you can also:

• Set alarms to remind you of appointments

• Mark special days

• Create overlapping entries

• Use the clock in the Day Display

• Use multiple calendars

• Customize your calendar

• Print part of a calendar

For more information, use the online Help for Calendar.

5.4.4    Something to Try

If you have not already done so, try starting Calendar now and open today's Day Display. Enter an appointment and set an alarm to have Calendar remind you of the appointment when the time approaches.

5.5    Using Cardfiler

Cardfiler lets you create an electronic file box of index cards. This electronic file box is called a card file. Card files contain cards, which can hold information such as names, addresses, and telephone numbers. For example, you could have a card file called Food that is filled with cards containing recipes and names of restaurants. Card files can also contain graphic images and a combination of text and graphics.

By organizing your cards into card files, you can keep one group of cards separate from another group; for example, you can separate your business cards from your personal cards.

When Cardfiler is started, the Cardfiler window appears on your screen. Initially, the card file is empty, but it fills up with index topics as you add cards. The following illustration shows the Cardfiler window displaying the names of six cards.

5.5.1    Creating or Opening a Card File

You can create a card file first and then add cards to it, or you can create cards and then save them into a card file. For example, you could create a card file called Clients, and then fill it with cards that contain the names and telephone numbers of your clients.

To start Cardfiler, see Section 5.1. To create a new card file or open an existing card file:

1. Choose the Open... menu item from the File menu.

   The Select File dialog box appears.

2. To create a new card file, click on the Selection text-entry box and enter the name of the card file you want to create. By default, card files have a file extension of .card.

3. Click on the OK button.

   Cardfiler displays a message telling you the file was not found and that a new file is being opened.

4. Click on the Acknowledged button.

5. To open an existing card file, double click on the name of the file in the Files list box.

   The requested card file appears.

5.5.2    Creating Cards

Cards contain units of information, such as a person's name and telephone number, and are organized in card files. You can create a series of cards and save them in a card file, or you can open a card file and then add cards to it. As you add cards, they are sorted alphabetically according to the topic you choose. Most likely, this topic will be the name of something, such as a person, business, or subject. By displaying the topic of each card, the card file window lists the contents of the card file.

To create a card:

1. Choose the Create Card... menu item from the Card menu.

   A dialog box prompts you to enter the topic of the new card.

2. Enter the topic in the Index text-entry box.

3. Click on the OK push button.

   Cardfiler displays a blank card in the card window. The text you entered is added to the title bar at the top of the card window and to the list of card titles in the Cardfiler window.

4. Enter any information you want on the card.

   Using the Return key, space bar, and Tab key, lay out the text as you want it to appear. Cards can contain up to 4000 characters and up to 64KB of images.

5. When you are finished with the card, choose the Close menu item from the Card window's File menu. The Card window closes and the card is added to your card file.

You can open another card in the card file without explicitly closing the current card. When you choose the Create Card... menu item from the Card menu in the Cardfiler window, Cardfiler automatically saves any changes you made to the current card and returns it to the card file before it opens a new card in the file.

If you create a series of cards before you create a card file, you can save them in a new card file.

To save existing cards in a new card file:

1. Create your cards from the empty, untitled card file you see when you start Cardfiler.

2. Choose the Save As... menu item from the File menu to save under a new file name. The Save As dialog box appears.

   In the Selection text-entry box, enter the name of the card file where you want to put your cards. For example, if you created a series of cards that contain information about office supplies your department purchased, you might name the card file supplies.card.

3. Click on the OK push button.

   The new card file name appears at the top of the Cardfiler window with a list of all the cards in that card file.

5.5.3    Summary of Other Cardfiler Features

With Cardfiler, you can also:

• Search a card file for text

• Edit or rename a card

• Include images in a card

• Merge card files

For more information, use the online Help for Cardfiler.

5.5.4    Something to Try

If you have not already done so, try starting Cardfiler now. Create a few cards containing names and phone numbers of acquaintances and save them to a card file called "friends."

5.6    Using CDA Viewer

The CDA Viewer lets you display the contents of documents that are in specific file formats such as PostScript, text, and those produced by applications such as Paint, DECwrite, and DECdecision (DDIF and DTIF formats). CDA Viewer works with the CDA converters. Therefore, the converters that are installed on your system determine the specific file formats that you can view. To start CDA Viewer, see Section 5.1.

When the CDA Viewer starts, its Open dialog box and main window appear on your screen, as shown below. The dialog box is where you select the file you want displayed; the main window is where you view files. The Open dialog box's File Format list box shows what file formats can be viewed.

5.6.1    Viewing Files

The following steps form the basic procedure for viewing a file:

1. In the Directories list box, click on the name of the directory that contains the file you want to view.

2. In the File Format list box, click on the format name (also called the keyword that applies to the file. If you do not know the format, refer to Section 5.6.2 for more information.

3. (Optional) Click on the Options File... push button to open a dialog box that lets you select an existing options file to control the display.

   In the Directories list box, click on the name of the directory that contains the options file. Then select the file from the Files list box.

   Note

   By convention, options file names include the file extension .cda-options. If your file name does not follow this convention, the file will not be listed unless you modify the File Filter text-entry box to match the actual file name and then click on the Filter push button.

4. (Optional) Click on the Display Options push button to open a dialog box, shown below, in which you can set the size of the display. The paper size you specify is used only if the document has no inherent format (page size) or if you override the document's format.

   You can select a paper size from the available list, or you can supply your own values in characters, inches, or millimeters. (The characters unit corresponds to the size of a character in the 12-point Courier font, which is CDA Viewer's default font and which is also similar to the standard font used by most printers. In 12-point Courier, and in the character unit as interpreted by CDA Viewer, there are 10 columns per inch (0.1 inch per character horizontally) and 6 rows per inch (0.167 inch per character vertically).) To supply your own values, first click on the desired unit of measurement; then enter the desired values in the Width and Height text-entry boxes.

   Click on the Override Document Format check button if you want to override the existing format with your own.

   The Display Options dialog box includes several options that apply only to PostScript files.

   Click on the OK push button to return to the Open dialog box.

   

   Note

   Processing options, paper size values, and the Override Document Format option apply only to the next file you open. The appearance of the currently displayed document does not change.

5. In the Files list box, double click on the name of the file that you want to view, or click on the file name and then click on the OK push button.

   The Open dialog box closes, and the selected file is displayed in the CDA Viewer window. The title bar shows the name of the file, as does the CDA Viewer icon. The number of the currently displayed page and the total number of pages appear in the lower right corner of the window.

   You can:

   • Move through the file

     Click on the inner arrow buttons at the bottom of the window to move forward or backward one page. Click on the outer arrow buttons to move to the beginning or end of the document. To view a specific page number, click on the Page... push button and enter the page number in the Page dialog box.

   • Halt PostScript processing

     If you are viewing a PostScript file, a Cancel push button is displayed at the bottom of the window. While the CDA Viewer is formatting a page, you can click on the Cancel push button to stop processing. Clicking on this button does not close the file; it merely halts processing of the current page.

   • Display information about the file you are viewing

     Choose the Document Information... menu item from the File menu. If the file contains the information, CDA Viewer displays the product name (the name of the application that produced the file), title, author, version, and creation date.

   • Display diagnostic information

     Choose the Diagnostic Information... menu item from the File menu to display information such as warnings and errors that occurred while you were formatting the file. (This menu selection is dimmed if no diagnostic information is available.)

   • Close the file

     Choose the Close File menu item from the File menu to clear the display.

   • Open a new file

     Choose the Open File... menu item from the File menu and repeat from step 1.

   • Exit CDA Viewer

     Choose the Quit menu item from the File menu.

5.6.2    Specifying Supported File Formats

The file format you specify depends on the application (or the conversion) that produced the file you want to view.

The following table summarizes the file formats supported by CDA converters on all DIGITAL UNIX DECwindows Motif systems. Your system might also support converters for additional formats. All formats that are supported on your system are listed in the File Format area of the Open dialog box, as illustrated above.

Keyword	Description	Default File Extension
ddif	DDIF files created by and for applications such as DECwrite and DECdecision	.ddif
dtif	DTIF files created by and for applications such as DECdecision	.dtif
ps	PostScript files to be printed on supported output devices	.ps
text	Text files that can be edited with a text editor	.txt

You can view PostScript files only if the Display PostScript System Extension is installed on your server. If this software is not installed, the ps (PostScript) keyword will not appear in the Open dialog box.

Most formats have an associated default file extension. The preceding table includes the default file extension for each supported format. The default file extension for the format that you select automatically appears in the filter mask, which determines which files are listed. For example, if you specify the text format, the filter mask ends in .txt, and the Files list box shows files with that file extension.

Not all file names have the default file extension for their format. You must specify the actual format of the input file, regardless of its file extension.

5.6.3    Summary of Other CDA Viewer Features

With the CDA Viewer, you can also:

• Create an options file to specify processing options

• Specify PostScript options such as landscape or portrait mode

• Adjust the page display size of your PostScript file

• Clarify your PostScript file for online viewing

• View a PostScript file that contains tray size directives.

• View a page as it is being processed, rather than waiting to view the entire page after it has been processed

For more information, use the online Help for the CDA Viewer.

5.6.4    Something to Try

If you have not already done so, try starting the CDA Viewer now and view the sample Clock Tower picture created with Paint or a .ddif file you might have created with DECwrite.

To display the Clock Tower:

1. Choose the Open... menu item from the File menu.

   The Open dialog box appears with the names of the files in your current directory.

2. In the Open File text-entry box, enter the picture file name.

   The clock tower file is located at: /usr/examples/dxpaint/clock.img.

3. Click on the OK push button. The CDA Viewer displays the Clock Tower picture.

5.7    Using Clock

Clock displays the time (in both analog and digital format) and the date. You can change the Clock display to suit your needs. You can also set Clock's alarm to remind you of appointments. To start Clock, see Section 5.1.

After you start Clock, it looks like this:

5.7.1    Customizing the Clock Display

You can customize the Clock display to include any combination of the date and time regions.

To change the Clock display, choose Display... from the Options menu.

The Display Options dialog box appears:

Shaded (enabled) check buttons indicate the current settings. To change the setting, click MB1 on a check button or its label. For example, if you want only the analog clock displayed and the Analog, Digital, and Date check buttons are shaded (enabled), click on the Digital and Date check buttons to disable those settings.

To use the current settings, click on OK. To dismiss the dialog box without changing any settings, click on Cancel.

Alternatively, you can use the Clock pop-up menu to customize the display:

1. Place the pointer anywhere in the Clock display (except the window frame or title bar).

2. Press and hold MB3. A pop-up menu appears.

3. Drag to the Display... menu item.

4. Release MB3. The Display Options dialog box appears.

5. Make any desired changes to the Display Options settings.

6. Click on OK.

You can move or resize the Clock display and save Clock's size and position as well as the Display Options by choosing Save Options from the Options menu or the pop-up menu.

To restore the system defaults, choose Restore System Options from the Options menu or the pop-up menu.

5.7.2    Setting the Alarm

You can set the alarm to remind you of an appointment.

To set the alarm:

1. Choose Alarm... from the Options menu. This brings up the Alarm Options dialog box. (Alternatively, double click anywhere on the Clock display to bring up the Alarm Options dialog box.)
   

2. Click on the Alarm Enable check button to enable the alarm.

3. Click on the Keyboard Bell check button to turn on the alarm sound.

4. Type the hour when you want the alarm to sound in the entry box for the hour of the day.

   You can use a 12-hour clock, in which case you need to specify AM or PM, or you can use a 24-hour clock ("military" time).

   To erase a number that you previously entered or to correct typing mistakes, use the <X] key.

5. Finish entering the time you want the alarm to sound in the entry box for the minutes of the hour.

6. If you are using a 12-hour clock, click on either the AM or PM radio button.

7. To display a message on your screen when the alarm sounds, type the message in the Alarm Message entry box. Alarm messages can contain up to 200 characters.

8. To use the current settings, click on OK. To return to the date and time display without changing the previous settings, click on Cancel.

When the alarm goes off, an Alarm dialog box appears containing the Alarm Message, and the keyboard bell sounds if you enabled it. Click on OK in the Alarm dialog box to clear the Alarm dialog box from your screen.

5.8    Using DECterm

The DECterm software is a video terminal emulator. When DECterm is started, a window appears on your screen. Enter commands in this window as you would on any terminal attached to your system or it for remote communications to other systems. To start a DECterm, see Section 5.1.

5.8.1    Summary of Other DECterm Features

DECterm also lets you:

• Change the appearance of the DECterm window, for example, font size and window title.

• Change the DECterm display features such as the type of cursor and the use of horizontal and vertical scroll bars.

• Change DECterm general features like terminal type.

• Compose characters.

• Choose a National Replacement Character Set (NRCS).

• Change keyboard, graphic, and printer options.

For more information, use the online Help for DECterm or the dxterm reference page. See Appendix B for information on how to compose characters.

5.9    Using Mail

The Mail utility (dxmail) provides a window-oriented interface to the Rand mh Mail Handler. With Mail, you can send messages; read messages sent to you; and print, file, delete, reply to, and forward messages. To start Mail, see Section 5.1.

To send a mail message to any user on your system or another system, click on the Create-Send push button in the Main Inbox window. A Create window opens. You can have multiple Create windows open at one time.

The Create window is divided into an envelope area and a message area. The envelope area contains the following text-entry fields:

Field	How to Use
To:	Enter the name of the user or users to receive the message. If you are sending mail to someone on your node, specify only their user name. If you are sending mail to someone on another system, you must enter their host name and user name, for example: node-name::user-name or username@hostname If you are using a message router, enter the address in the appropriate format for your router. You can send a message to several users by separating their user names with commas. If you are typing many addresses and want to continue on a new line, press Return and start the new line with whitespace (space or tab) before typing another address.
cc:	Optionally, enter the name of the user or users you want to receive a copy of the message. If you have set the Copy Self on Send option in your mail profile, your user name is displayed. If you are typing many addresses and want to continue on a new line, press Return and start the new line with whitespace (space or tab) before typing another address. For information about sending a copy to a distribution list, see Section 5.9.1.
Subject:	Optionally enter the subject of the message. If you want to continue the subject on a new line, press Return and start the new line with whitespace (space or tab) before typing more text.

To enter text in any of these fields, position the pointer at the beginning of the appropriate field and click MB1. Use the DECwindows editing commands, described in Chapter 4, to correct mistakes.

If you are entering text in the To;, cc:, or Subject: fields of the envelope and your text wraps to a new line, you must insert a hard return and whitespace (space or tab) at the beginning of the new line.

When the envelope is complete, position the pointer at the message area beneath the dashed line and click MB1. In the message area, enter the text of your message.

You can create the message text by using a text editor, by forwarding an existing message, or by including an existing file. You can also save a draft of the message before you send it. This is useful if you are interrupted and want to finish a message at a later time.

When you finish creating your message, click on the Send push button to send your mail. The Send push button in the Create window dims after the message is dispatched to all addressees. It remains dimmed until you change something in the window (for example, if you enter text in one of the fields).

Once a message is sent, you can edit it, send it to other users, or choose a command from the File pull-down menu or push buttons.

To create another message, click on the Create window's Reset push button. This clears the message and envelope areas in the window and enables you to enter information for a new message.

To close the window, click on the Close push button.

You can insert an existing file into a mail message by choosing the Include file... item from the File pull-down menu. Mail displays the contents of the file in the Create window at the current cursor location. You can edit the file, provided that it is not a DDIF file.

Mail sends the message to the addressees listed in the To: field.

5.9.1    Sending a Message to a Distribution List

If you need to send one message to many users, you can create a file, called an aliases file, that contains a list of users. You then specify the alias in the To: field when you send the message (for example, project).

To create mail aliases:

1. Edit your .mh-profile file to include the following line:

   Aliasfile: aliases
   

   You can name the file anything you like provided that the name in the .mh-profile file agrees with the file name you create in step 2.

2. Create a file named aliases in your $HOME/Mail directory and enter in the user and node names that you want to send mail to in the format:

   <alias name>: name1@node, name2@node, name3@node

   For example:

   project: smith@fisherman, jones@bluefish, \
   olsen@striper, johnson@goldfish
   

You can use any of the alias formats that the mh mail utility supports. See the mh-alias(4) reference page for more information on how to create aliases in the aliases file.

5.9.2    Sending PostScript Files

When you send PostScript files, do not use an editor to create a message. Instead, choose the Include file... menu item from the File pull-down menu in the Create window.

Be sure to position the pointer in the message area of the Create window (below the "Subject:" field) so that the PostScript file is not erroneously written into your mail envelope area.

5.9.3    Reading Messages

You can use Mail to read an old or a new mail message. New messages are added to the inbox folder; old messages (messages that have been read) are held in the inbox folder until you move them elsewhere.

When you receive new mail, the inbox folder in the folder box is highlighted. To read the new mail, in the Main Inbox window click on the New Mail or Deliver push buttons or select the New Mail menu item from the Read pull-down menu.

Unread messages are identified in your inbox by an icon resembling an addressed envelope. Double click MB1 on the message to be read. Mail displays the message in a Read window.

A Read window is divided into an envelope window pane and a message window pane. By default, these panes are divided by a dashed line.

The envelope window pane displays the name of the person who sent the message and other address information. Use the scroll bar to display additional information about the message, such as text indicating that the message is marked or has been replied to, the message size, message ID, and whether the message is in a foreign format.

The message window pane displays the mail message. Use the scroll bar to display any text that does not fit in the window pane. Messages you read remain in the inbox folder until you move them to another folder or delete them. To move messages to other folders, use the Move... push button or the Move... menu item from the File pull-down menu.

5.9.3.1    Reading Nontext Messages

You can view messages in text, PostScript, DDIF, or DTIF format. If you receive a file in a format different from those listed here, you will not be able to view the file in Mail. Mail displays a message informing you of the problem. However, you can print, forward, extract, or reply to such a message.

A PostScript file always begins with a percent sign and an exclamation point (%!). In a Mail message, the %! symbol can be preceded by up to 50 lines of ASCII text. Mail searches the file for the %! symbol and displays the PostScript file. If the message has more than 50 lines of text preceding the %! symbol, you must edit the message to remove excess lines of text before forwarding it.

5.9.3.2    Reading an Old Message

To read an old message, open the drawer and folder containing the message and double click on the appropriate message. The message is displayed in a Read window.

5.9.4    Using Accelerators

The Mail application offers accelerators to perform common Mail tasks quickly. You can also use the arrow keys to traverse menus as well as the drawers and folders in the main window.

The following table shows the accelerators and their corresponding functions:[Footnote 1]

Press	To Produce
Alt+F	File
Ctrl+E	Edit
Alt+S	Create-Send
Alt+R	Read
Alt+M	Maintenance
Alt+C	Customize
Alt+D	Deliver Mail
Alt+X	Exit
Ctrl+C	Copy Selected Message
Ctrl+E	Extract
Ctrl+O	Open Folder

5.9.5    Summary of Other Mail Features

With Mail, you can also:

• Change the editor you use to create a message

• Search a selected folder for messages that have something in common, for example, all messages that contain a specific word in the subject line

• Customize your Mail environment, including menus and buttons

• Have Mail automatically sort your incoming mail

For more information on these features, see Chapter 8 or Help for Mail.

5.9.6    Something to Try

If you have not already done so, try starting Mail now. Click on the Create-Send button to open a Create window and try the techniques described in this section.

5.10    Using Notepad

The Notepad is an editor that lets you do everyday tasks such as recording messages, writing letters, and building data files. The Notepad editor saves your notes in files, which you can store for later revision or incorporation into other files. The Notepad editor supports the techniques for selecting, deleting, moving, and modifying text described in Chapter 4. To start Notepad, see Section 5.1.

When it starts, Notepad displays an empty editing window (shown below) where you can type text from the keyboard or copy in an existing file for editing. Notepad is interactive; you see the changes to a file as you make them.

5.10.1    Entering Text

To enter text in the Notepad window, click MB1 in the text area and begin typing. Notepad enters the text at the position marked by the cursor. Initially, the cursor is displayed in the upper left corner, but it moves to the right as you type.

The Notepad editor inserts text into a temporary holding area called a buffer. The contents of the buffer appear in the Notepad window. At the beginning of an editing session, the buffer contains very little text, but the buffer grows longer as you add information.

A buffer exists only during the editing session. When you end an editing session, you direct the Notepad editor to save or discard the contents of the buffer.

5.10.1.1    Formatting Text

Use the Tab key, the space bar, and the Return key to arrange text in the Notepad window as you want it to appear.

You can also size the Notepad window so it has the line width you want. By default, Notepad wraps text lines at the right margin automatically; you do not have to press Return at the end of every line. To disable word wrapping, choose Word Wrap from the Customize menu. When word wrapping is in effect, a shaded toggle button appears to the left of the Word Wrap menu item. When you disable word wrapping, the toggle button disappears.

5.10.1.2    Scrolling the Buffer

As your text buffer grows, it extends beyond the frame of the Notepad window. To view text at the beginning or end of the buffer, use the vertical scroll bar along the right side of the window. The position of the slider indicates your position in the buffer. When the slider is at the top of the scroll bar, you are at the beginning of the buffer. When the slider is at the bottom of the scroll bar, you are at the end of the buffer. See Section 3.2.5.

5.10.2    Editing a File

The Notepad navigation and editing commands let you move within a text buffer quickly and easily, adding or modifying information.

5.10.2.1    Moving the Cursor

When you insert text in the buffer, Notepad adds the text at the current cursor position, pushing existing text to the right. Therefore, the cursor is normally positioned at the spot where you last entered text.

To move the cursor, position the pointer anywhere in the Notepad window and click MB1. Use the arrow keys to move the cursor.

Press the Ctrl key and the right arrow key at the same time to move the cursor one word to the right. Press the Ctrl key and the left arrow key at the same time to move the cursor one word to the left. Press the Compose Character key and the right arrow key to move the cursor to the end of the line. Press the Compose Character key and the left arrow key to move the cursor to the beginning of the line.

With a long buffer, reposition the cursor by using menu items from the Navigate menu. Choose Go to Top to move to the top of the buffer. Choose Go to Bottom to move to the bottom of the buffer.

To reposition to a specific line in the buffer:

1. Choose the Go to Line... menu item from the Navigate menu.

   Notepad displays a dialog box.

2. Type the line number in the text-entry box and click on the OK push button.

Notepad repositions the cursor to the specified line.

Another method of placing the cursor on a certain line is to select a line number in text anywhere on your workstation and choose the Go to Selected Line Number menu item from the Navigate menu.

For example, if you are reading an error listing file in a DECterm window that contains the line number 1019 and you want to look at line number 1019 in a program source file you are editing in Notepad, select 1019 in DECterm and choose the Go to Selected Line Number menu item from Notepad's Navigate menu. Notepad places the cursor on line 1019 in your Notepad file.

If you are correcting a program source file, you might want to start from the bottom and work your way up so that your edits do not affect how the line numbers in your source file correspond to the line numbers in your error listing file.

5.10.3    Canceling an Edit

To cancel your most recent edit, choose the Undo... menu item from the Edit menu. For example, if you remove text with the Cut menu item, you can restore the text to its former location with the Undo... menu item.

Notepad keeps a detailed record of all your edits so you can undo a series of edits. To cancel a series of edits:

1. Choose the Undo... menu item from the Edit menu.

   Notepad displays the Undo dialog box.

2. Click on the Undo push button to cancel the last editing operation.

   Each time you click on the Undo push button, Notepad cancels another editing operation.

3. If you undo an editing operation by mistake, reinstate the edits by clicking on the Redo push button.

4. To complete the operation, click on the Cancel push button.

You can cancel all the edits of an editing session in one step by choosing the Revert menu item from the File menu. Notepad displays a Save changes dialog box. When you click on the OK push button, Notepad restores the buffer to the state it was in when you first opened the file.

Because Notepad saves the last text you selected and deleted, you can move text from one location in the text buffer to another location.

5.10.4    Moving Text

To move text in a buffer:

1. Select the text to be moved to another location.

2. Choose the Cut menu item from the Edit menu.

3. Move the cursor to where you want the deleted text inserted by positioning the pointer and clicking MB1.

4. Choose the Paste menu item from the Edit menu.

The deleted text is moved to the new location.

5.10.5    Copying Text

Because Notepad keeps track of your selected text, you can copy text from one location in a text buffer to another location. To copy text in the text buffer:

1. Select the text you want copied to another location.

2. Choose the Copy menu item from the Edit menu to store the copied text.

3. Move the cursor to where you want the selected text copied by positioning the pointer and clicking MB1.

4. Choose the Paste menu item from the Edit menu.

The selected text is copied to the new location.

5.10.6    Saving Text in a File

When you add text to Notepad, the editor records the information in the buffer. If you want to save the contents of the buffer, you must direct Notepad to write your text to a file.

To save the text in your buffer as a file:

1. Choose the Save As... menu item from the File menu.

   Notepad displays a dialog box that prompts you for the name of the file.

   

2. Enter the name of the file. Use a name that corresponds to the contents of the file so that you can easily recognize it. Use the <X] key and arrow keys to make any necessary corrections.

3. Press Return or click on the OK push button.

Notepad writes the contents of the buffer to the new file and posts the file name in the title bar of the editing window.

When you make changes to an existing file, it is also necessary to save the changes. Once a file has a name, use the Save menu item to update the file.

To open an existing file:

1. Choose the Open... menu item from the File menu.

   Notepad displays the Open dialog box.

   

2. Either select the file from the files listed in the Files list box or enter the file name.

   You can select a file by double clicking on it or by clicking on it once and then clicking on the OK push button.

3. Press Return or click on the OK push button.

The contents of the file appear in the editing window and Notepad displays the file name in the title bar.

You can also open an existing file by selecting a file name in any other window (for example, DECterm) and then choosing the Open Selected menu item from the File menu.

5.10.7    Exiting from an Editing Session

If you modified word wrapping or case-sensitive searches and you would like to save those settings for future editing sessions, choose the Save Current Settings menu item from the Customize menu. To restore your previous settings, choose the Use Last Saved Settings menu item from the Customize menu.

To end an editing session, choose the Exit menu item from the File menu. If you have modified the text in the current buffer since you last saved it, Notepad updates the current file with the changes and closes the Notepad window.

To discard the edits from a session and close the editing window, choose the Quit menu item from the File menu.

If a session is interrupted before you save your edits, Notepad still saves your keystrokes in a journal file. The next time you start Notepad, a message box is displayed giving you the option to recover your edits or remove the journal file.

5.10.8    Summary of Other Notepad Features

With Notepad, you can also:

• Move and copy text from one location in the text buffer to another

• Change the font family and font characteristics such as size, weight, and spacing

• Include an existing file into the current text buffer

• Split your Notepad window into a number of edit windows

• Open a second Notepad and copy text from one Notepad window to another

• Combine the contents of two Notepad windows

• Search and replace text

For more information, use the online Help for Notepad.

5.10.9    Something to Try

If you have not already done so, try starting Notepad now. Start typing text and then save your text to a file.

5.11    Using Paint

Paint is a graphics application that lets you create a simple picture, such as a sketch or an illustration, using an assortment of art tools. If you have a color monitor, you can choose colors from a color palette. To start Paint, see Section 5.1.

Paint can save your pictures, print them on different kinds of printers, or copy them to other applications. You can also display the pictures on your screen with the CDA Viewer application (see Section 5.6).

When Paint is started, the Paint window appears, as shown below. This window contains a tool palette and a work area where you draw your picture.

The Paint window frames a portion of the picture. At the bottom of the tool palette is a representation that shows which portion of the picture is currently visible in Paint's work area. The highlighted box within the larger box represents the size and shape of that part of the picture that is visible. The larger box represents size and shape of the entire picture.

To display different areas of the canvas, press MB1 in the highlighted box and drag until the box is in the position you want. Alternatively, you can use the horizontal and vertical scroll bars to move about the canvas.

Paint is a bitmap graphics application, which means that it treats pictures as a collection of dots called pixels. Different drawing tools, such as the Pencil, the Paintbrush, and the Text tool, edit the color of the pixels to create a pattern. Because the canvas has so many pixels in every square inch, you do not actually see patterns of dots. Instead, you see a collection of lines, shapes, and text.

5.11.1    Shortcuts to Paint Operations

You can use certain key combinations, called accelerators, to perform common Paint operations quickly. The following table shows each key combination and its corresponding function:[Footnote 2]

Press	To Produce
Alt+<X]	Undo
Ctrl+Z	Exit
Shift+Remove	Cut
Ctrl+Insert Here	Copy
Ctrl+O	Open
Shift+Insert Here	Paste
Ctrl+P	Print
Ctrl+S	Save
Ctrl+Q	QuickCopy

In addition to using accelerators, you can also use key combinations to manipulate Paint tools. To produce the results listed in the following table, press and hold the Shift key while you drag MB1:

Tool	Effect
Rectangle	Causes the rectangle to become a square.
Line	Causes the line to be at an angle that is a multiple of 45 degrees.
Paintbrush	Causes the image to be horizontal or vertical.
Pencil	Causes the image to be horizontal or vertical.
Ellipse	Causes the ellipse to become a circle.
Polyline	Causes angles to be multiples of 45 degrees.
Eraser	Causes the eraser to erase vertically and horizontally only.
Arc	Causes the image to be a quarter circle (instead of a quarter ellipse).

5.11.2    Summary of Other Paint Features

With Paint, you can also:

• Print a painting

• Use color if you have a color monitor

• Create your own patterns

• Move and copy images

• Crop a picture

• Edit a picture

For more information, use the online Help for Paint.

5.11.3    Something to Try

If you have not already done so, start Paint now and try some basic techniques by modifying a sample picture called the Clock Tower.

To display the Clock Tower:

1. Choose the Open... menu item from the File menu.

   The Open dialog box appears with the names of the graphics files in your current directory.

2. In the Selection text-entry box, enter the picture file name.

   The clock tower file is located at: /usr/examples/dxpaint/clock.img

3. Click on the OK push button. Paint displays the Clock Tower picture. You can now practice choosing tools and using some of the Paint menu items. Try changing the time on the clock face.

5.12    Using Print Screen

Print Screen lets you take a snapshot of the entire screen or a portion of the screen. You save the snapshot to a file or print it. By default, a screen snapshot is sent to a file formatted for PostScript printers. To start Print Screen, see Section 5.1.

If you run Print Screen in a terminal emulator window, it defaults to performing screen captures based on command line switches and will not display its Motif graphic user interface (GUI). Use the -X switch to display the print screen GUI. This chapter describes the Print Screen GUI. Use the man dxprint command to get information on using Print Screen from the command line. (Reference pages are discussed in Section 5.1.2.)

When Print Screen starts, the application window looks like this:

The default settings, illustrated above, let you save print screen snapshots in a file in PostScript format. However, with the options menus in the Print Screen window you can change the settings to accommodate your particular needs. The next section covers the procedures you use to take screen snapshots, followed by a section summarizing additional customizations possible with the options menus.

5.12.1    Taking Screen Snapshots

Use the "Send to" options menu to choose whether to save a screen snapshot to a file, print the snapshot, or do both.

To actually take the snapshot, choose Print or Print... from the File menu. If you select Send to Printer or Both, then choosing Print sends the snapshot to the default printer, whereas choosing Print... displays a dialog box that lets you choose the printer. If you select Send to File, then choosing Print saves the snapshot to a file; the snapshot is not immediately printed. When you save to a file, you can specify a file name in the Output File Name field, or you can accept the default file name.

In summary, to take a screen snapshot:[Footnote 3]

1. Arrange the windows on the screen as you want them captured.

2. Use the "Send to" options menu to choose whether to save the snapshot to a file, print the snapshot, or do both.

3. Use the "Capture" options menu to choose to capture the entire screen or just a portion of the screen.

4. Choose Print or Print... from the File menu. Print will print to the default printer. If you chose Printer or Both in step 2, choosing Print... will display a dialog box allowing you to choose a specific printer. If you chose Entire Screen in step 3, then the snapshot operation proceeds immediately and Print Screen will display a watch cursor until the snapshot is completed. If you chose Capture Portion of Screen, continue with the next step.

5. The pointer changes to a capture cursor (+). Move the capture cursor to the upper left corner of the area you want to capture.

6. Press and hold MB1.

7. Drag the capture cursor until a box surrounds the area you want to capture.

8. Release MB1.

   The cursor changes to a watch cursor until the capture is completed.

5.12.2    Using a Time Delay

You may want a time delay before taking the snapshot. For example, you might want to minimize a window by turning it into an icon or click on a window to give it input focus.

To take a snapshot of all or part of the screen display after a time delay:

1. Set the "Capture" and "Send to" options menus as desired. (See explanation in the previous section.)

2. Specify how many seconds to delay by pressing MB1 on the Time Delay slider and dragging it until you reach your choice.

3. Choose Print or Print... from the File menu.

   If you chose Print..., the Queue Options dialog box appears:

   • Enter the options you want

   • Click on the OK push button

   The time delay begins.

4. During the time delay, arrange the objects on your screen as you want them captured.

5. The time delay ends. If you chose "Entire Screen" in the "Capture" options menu, the whole screen is saved to a file and/or printed. If you chose Portion of Screen:

   • The pointer changes to a capture cursor (+). Move the capture cursor to the upper left corner of the area you want to capture.

   • Press and hold MB1.

   • Drag the capture cursor until a box surrounds the area you want to capture.

   • Release MB1.

5.12.3    Summary of Other Print Screen Features

The following table summarizes additional Print Screen options. For each options menu, in the left column, the default option is indicated in the center column. For more information, use the online Help for Print Screen.

Option Menu	Option	Allows You To
Output Format	Postscript (default)	Print to a PostScript printer or create a PostScript file.
	Sixel	Print to a Sixel device or save to a Sixel file. Sixel files can be viewed in a DECterm window and printed on most Digital printers.
	DDIF	Save to a file in DDIF format for use with applications such as Paint, CDA viewer, or DECwrite.
Ribbon Saver	Positive Image (default)	Take a snapshot that looks like a normal photo print.
	Negative Image	Take a snapshot that looks like a photo negative. May be useful in conserving printer toner or ribbon. Output color must be Black and White or Gray Scale.
Print Orientation	Best Fit	Take a portrait snapshot when captured area is higher than it is wide; otherwise, take a landscape snapshot.
	Portrait (default)	Print a snapshot that is upright when printer paper is viewed with its long dimension vertical.
	Landscape	Print a snapshot that is upright when printer paper is viewed with its long dimension horizontal.
Output Color	Black and White (default)	Capture a black and white snapshot.
	Color	Capture a color snapshot. Requires a color monitor.
	Gray Scale	Capture a gray scale snapshot. Requires a gray scale or color monitor.
Fit-To-Paper	Scale To Fit	Print a snapshot as large as possible.
	Reduce Only	Reduce the size of a snapshot to fit the printer paper if the snapshot is too large.
	Crop Excess (default)	Print only as much of a snapshot as will fit on the printer paper and crop parts that don't fit.
	Increase 2:1	Double the size of a snapshot printed or saved to file.
	Decrease 2:1	Halve the size of a snapshot printed or saved to file.

5.13    Using Visual Differences

Visual Differences is a graphical interface to the diff program. You can compare two ASCII text files line by line, and then browse through the graphical display of the highlighted differences. To start Visual Differences, see Section 5.1.

When Visual Differences starts, its main window appears. The title bar contains the application name, followed by the window number. The first window displayed is always labeled 0. The windows are numbered to save confusion if you have more than one Visual Differences window running at the same time. The two empty text regions will be filled with the text from the files you want to compare.

5.13.1    Selecting Files to Compare

To select two files to compare, choose the Open Files... menu item from the File menu. Two file selection dialog boxes are displayed: Left File and Right File. Each dialog box lists the files in the current directory.

To change directory of the files listed, type the pathname of the directory in the File Filter text-entry box and press the Return key (or click on the Filter push button). You can instead double click on the directories listed in the Directories list box. The file selection test-entry box recognizes the tilde (~) character, which represents your home directory.

To select a file, either click on the file name and then click on the OK push button, or double click on the file name. You can also type the file name in the Selection text-entry box and press Return.

You must select one file in each of the dialog boxes.

After you enter a file name in each file selection dialog box, you must next choose the Do Differences menu item from the Differences menu, as described in the following section.

5.13.2    Displaying the Differences

To display the differences between the two files that you selected, choose the Do Differences menu item from the Differences menu. The time taken for Visual Differences to display the differences will depend on the length of the files and the number of differences between them.

Note that trailing blanks (spaces and tabs) are not included as differences, and are ignored. Any other strings of blanks are also treated as equal and do not appear as differences.

If there are no differences between the two selected files, if either of the files is a non-ASCII file, or if you have selected a directory instead of a file, an appropriate message dialog box is displayed. The following display shows the differences between two text files:

The files are displayed in two text windows that appear to the left and right of the differences box in the center of the display. Each text region displays the name of its currently selected file.

The differences between the files are connected by lines running across the difference box in the center of the display. These lines show the relationships between the differences in the files, and where the differences are located in the files.

The differences in the files are shown as areas of highlighted text; common text is not highlighted.

When you start Visual Differences, the display is set up to give you linked vertical scrolling and lines connecting the areas of different text.

With linked vertical scrolling, when you scroll one of the files, the other file is scrolled with it line by line. When scrolling is unlinked, you can scroll the files independently of each other and view different parts of each file at the same time.

5.13.3    Moving Between Differences

Use the scroll bars or the Next Diff and Prev Diff push buttons to browse through the displayed files. When you click on the Next Diff push button, Visual Differences searches forward from the current difference (in the center of the difference display) to the next difference in that file. The application then moves that difference to the center of the display.

When you click on the Prev Diff push button, Visual Differences searches backward from the current difference to find the previous difference in the file. The application then moves that difference to the center of the display.

These buttons are useful for moving quickly between the differences in a long file, especially where there are only a few differences.

5.13.4    Summary of Other Differences Features

With Differences, you can also:

• Move through the differences in a file

• Change the characteristics of the display, such as line numbers in the differences region

• Compare a new set of files

• Open several Differences windows

For more information, use the online Help for Visual Differences.