• Programmer's Guide

• Programming Support Tools

• OSF/Motif Programmer's Guide

• DECwindows Motif Guide to Application Programming

• X Window System

• X Window System Toolkit

• Programmer's Supplement for Release 5 of the X Window System, Version 11

  This book is published by O'Reilly and Associates, Inc.

The following standards or draft standards apply to software components discussed in this guide. This guide refers to some of these documents.

• ANS X3.159 Programming Language C

• ISO/IEC 646: 1983

  Information processing - ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange.

• ISO 6937: 1983

  Information processing - Coded character sets for text communication.

• ISO 8859-1: 1987

  Information processing - ISO 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets - Latin alphabet No. 1.

• ISO/IEC 9899: 1990

  Information technology - Programming Languages - C.

• ISO/IEC 9945-1: 1990

  Information technology - Portable operating system interface (POSIX) - Part 1: System application programming interface (API) [C Language].

• ISO/IEC 9945-2: 1993

  Information technology - Portable operating system interface (POSIX) - Part 2: Shells and Utilities.

• Code for Information Interchange, JIS X0201-1976; Japanese national standard.

• Code of the Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange, JIS X0208-1990; Japanese national standard.

• Code of the Supplementary Japanese Graphic Character Set, JIS X0212-1990; Japanese national standard.

• Codes of Chinese Graphic Characters for Information Interchange, Primary Set (GB2312-80); National Standards Bureau of China, Beijing, 1980.

• Standard Codes of Common Chinese Characters for Information Interchange, CNS 11643; Taiwan, 1986, 1992.

• Standard Codes of Korean Characters for Information Interchange, KSC 5601 ; Korea, 1987.

• Thai Industrial Standard, TIS 620-2533; Standard for a primary set of graphic characters used for Thai information interchange.

• X/Open UNIX CAE specifications, specifically:

  • Commands and Utilities, Issue 4, Version 2 (C436)

  • Systems Interfaces and Headers, Issue 4, Version 2 (C435)

  • System Interface Definitions, Issue 4, Version 2 (C434)

  • Networking Services, Issue 4 (C438)

  • X/Open Curses, Issue 4 (C437)

The following guide is an introduction to internationalization and is available from the X/Open Company, Ltd:

• Guide to Internationalisation

Articles in the following technical journal cover topics related to product internationalization:

• Digital Technical Journal, Volume 5 Number 3 (published Summer 1993)

  The Digital Technical Journal is published quarterly by Digital Equipment Corporation. You can order individual issues through DECdirect. Recent back issues are also available on the Internet at gatekeeper.dec.com in the directory /pub/DEC/DECinfo/DTJ.

The printed version of the Digital UNIX documentation set is color coded to help specific audiences quickly find the books that meet their needs. (You can order the printed documentation from Digital.) This color coding is reinforced with the use of an icon on the spines of books. The following list describes this convention:

Audience	Icon	Color Code
General users	G	Blue
System and network administrators	S	Red
Programmers	P	Purple
Device driver writers	D	Orange
Reference page users	R	Green

Some books in the documentation set help meet the needs of several audiences. For example, the information in some system books is also used by programmers. Keep this in mind when searching for information on specific topics.

The Documentation Overview, Glossary, and Master Index provides information on all of the books in the Digital UNIX documentation set.

• Fax: 603-881-0120 Attn: UEG Publications, ZK03-3/Y32

• Internet electronic mail: readers_comment@zk3.dec.com

  A Reader's Comment form is located on line in the following location:

  /usr/doc/readers_comment.txt

• Mail:

  Digital Equipment Corporation
  UEG Publications Manager
  ZK03-3/Y32
  110 Spit Brook Road
  Nashua, NH 03062-9987

  A Reader's Comment form is located in the back of each printed manual. The form is postage paid if you mail it in the United States.

Please include the following information along with your comments:

• The full title of the book and the order number. (The order number is printed on the title page of this book and on its back cover.)

• The section numbers and page numbers of the information on which you are commenting.

• The version of Digital UNIX that you are using.

• If known, the type of processor that is running the Digital UNIX software.

The Digital UNIX Publications group cannot respond to system problems or technical support inquiries. Please address technical questions to your local system vendor or to the appropriate Digital technical support office. Information provided with the software media explains how to send problem reports to Digital.

%

$

A percent sign represents the C shell system prompt. A dollar sign represents the system prompt for the Bourne and Korn shells.

#

A number sign represents the superuser prompt.

% cat

Boldface type in interactive examples indicates typed user input.

file

Italic (slanted) type indicates variable values, placeholders, and function argument names.

[|]

{|}

In syntax definitions, brackets indicate items that are optional and braces indicate items that are required. Vertical bars separating items inside brackets or braces indicate that you choose one item from among those listed.

...

In syntax definitions, a horizontal ellipsis indicates that the preceding item can be repeated one or more times.

.
.
.

A vertical ellipsis indicates that a portion of an example that would normally be present is not shown.

cat(1)

A cross-reference to a reference page includes the appropriate section number in parentheses. For example, cat(1) indicates that you can find information on the cat command in Section 1 of the reference pages.

Return

In an example, a key name enclosed in a box indicates that you press that key.

Ctrl/x

This symbol indicates that you hold down the first named key while pressing the key or mouse button that follows the slash. In examples, this key combination is enclosed in a box; for example, Ctrl/C.

Alt x

Multiple key or mouse button names separated by spaces indicate that you press and release each in sequence. In examples, each key in the sequence is enclosed in a box; for example, Alt Q.