Title and Copyright Pages

About This Manual
Audience
New and Changed Features
Organization
Related Documents
Reader's Comments
Conventions

1    Introduction to the Network Programming Environment
1.1    Data Link Interfaces
1.2    Sockets and STREAMS Frameworks
1.3    X/Open Transport Interface
1.4    Extensible SNMP
1.5    Sockets and STREAMS Interaction
1.6    Putting It All Together

2    Data Link Provider Interface
2.1    Modes of Communication
2.2    Types of Service
2.2.1    Local Managment Services
2.2.2    Connection-Mode Services
2.2.3    Connectionless-Mode Services
2.2.4    Acknowledged Connectionless-Mode Data Transfer
2.3    
2.4    
2.5    Identifying Available PPAs

3    X/Open Transport Interface
3.1    Overview of XTI
3.2    XTI Features
3.2.1    Modes of Service and Execution
3.2.1.1    Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Service
3.2.1.2    Asynchronous and Synchronous Execution
3.2.2    The XTI Library, TLI Library, and Header Files
3.2.2.1    XTI and TLI Header Files
3.2.2.2    XTI Library Calls
3.2.3    Events and States
3.2.3.1    XTI Events
3.2.3.2    XTI States
3.2.4    Tracking XTI Events
3.2.4.1    Outgoing Events
3.2.4.2    Incoming Events
3.2.5    A Map of XTI Functions, Events, and States
3.2.6    Synchronization of Multiple Processes and Endpoints
3.3    Using XTI
3.3.1    Guidelines for Sequencing Functions
3.3.2    State Management by the Transport Provider
3.3.3    Writing a Connection-Oriented Application
3.3.3.1    Initializing an Endpoint
3.3.3.2    Using XTI Options
3.3.3.3    Establishing a Connection
3.3.3.4    Transferring Data
3.3.3.5    Releasing Connections
3.3.3.6    Deinitializing Endpoints
3.3.4    Writing a Connectionless Application
3.3.4.1    Initializing an Endpoint
3.3.4.2    Transferring Data
3.3.4.3    Deinitializing Endpoints
3.4    Phase-Independent Functions
3.5    Porting to XTI
3.5.1    Protocol Independence and Portability
3.5.2    XTI and TLI Compatibility
3.5.3    Rewriting a Socket Application to Use XTI
3.6    Differences Between XPG3 and XPG4
3.6.1    Major Differences
3.6.2    Source Code Migration
3.6.2.1    Use the Older Binaries of your Application
3.6.2.2    Unaltered Sources
3.6.2.3    SPEC1170 Compliant Application
3.6.3    Binary Compatibility
3.6.4    Packaging
3.6.5    Interoperability
3.6.6    Using XTI Options
3.6.6.1    Using XTI Options in XPG4
General Information
Format of Options
Elements of Negotiation
Multiple Options and Options Levels
Illegal Options
Initiating an Option Negotiation
Responding to a Negotiation Proposal
Retrieving Information About Options
Privileged and Read-Only Options
Option Management of a Transport Endpoint
The Option Value T_UNSPEC
The info Argument
Portability Issues
3.6.6.2    Negotiating Protocol Options in XPG3
3.7    XTI Errors
3.8    Configuring XTI Transport Providers

4    Sockets
4.1    Overview of the Sockets Framework
4.1.1    Communication Properties of Sockets
4.1.1.1    Socket Abstraction
4.1.1.2    Communication Domains
4.1.1.3    Socket Types
4.1.1.4    Socket Names
4.2    Application Interface to Sockets
4.2.1    Modes of Communication
4.2.1.1    Connection-Oriented Communication
4.2.1.2    Connectionless Communication
4.2.2    Client/Server Paradigm
4.2.3    System Calls, Library Calls, Header Files, and Data Structures
4.2.3.1    Socket System Calls
4.2.3.2    Socket Library Calls
4.2.3.3    Header Files
4.2.3.4    Socket Related Data Structures
4.3    Using Sockets
4.3.1    Creating Sockets
4.3.1.1    Setting Modes of Execution
4.3.2    Binding Names and Addresses
4.3.3    Establishing Connections
4.3.4    Accepting Connections
4.3.5    Setting and Getting Socket Options
4.3.6    Transferring Data
4.3.6.1    Using the read System Call
4.3.6.2    Using the write System Call
4.3.6.3    Using the send, sendto, recv and recvfrom System Calls
4.3.6.4    Using the sendmsg and recvmsg System Calls
4.3.7    Shutting Down Sockets
4.3.8    Closing Sockets
4.4    BSD Socket Interface
4.4.1    Variable-Length Network Addresses
4.4.2    Receiving Protocol Data with User Data
4.5    Common Socket Errors
4.6    Advanced Topics
4.6.1    Selecting Specific Protocols
4.6.2    Binding Names and Addresses
4.6.2.1    Binding to the Wildcard Address
4.6.2.2    Binding in the UNIX Domain
4.6.3    Out-of-Band Data
4.6.4    Internet Protocol Multicasting
4.6.4.1    Sending IP Multicast Datagrams
4.6.4.2    Receiving IP Multicast Datagrams
4.6.5    Broadcasting and Determining Network Configuration
4.6.6    The inetd Daemon
4.6.7    Input/Output Multiplexing
4.6.8    Interrupt Driven Socket I/O
4.6.9    Signals and Process Groups
4.6.10    Pseudoterminals

5    Digital UNIX STREAMS
5.1    Overview of the STREAMS Framework
5.1.1    A Review of STREAMS Components
5.2    Application Interface to STREAMS
5.2.1    Header Files and Data Types
5.2.2    STREAMS Functions
5.2.2.1    The open Function
5.2.2.2    The close Function
5.2.2.3    The read Function
5.2.2.4    The write Function
5.2.2.5    The ioctl Function
5.2.2.6    The mkfifo Function
5.2.2.7    The pipe Function
5.2.2.8    The putmsg and putpmsg Functions
5.2.2.9    The getmsg and getpmsg Functions
5.2.2.10    The poll Function
5.2.2.11    The isastream Function
5.2.2.12    The fattach Function
5.2.2.13    The fdetach Function
5.3    Kernel Level Functions
5.3.1    Module Data Structures
5.3.2    Message Data Structures
5.3.3    STREAMS Processing Routines for Drivers and Modules
5.3.3.1    open and close Processing
5.3.3.2    Configuration Processing
5.3.3.3    Read Side Put and Write Side Put Processing
5.3.3.4    Read Side Service and Write Side Service Processing
5.3.4    Digital UNIX STREAMS Concepts
5.3.4.1    Synchronization
5.3.4.2    Timeout
5.4    Configuring a User-Written STREAMS-Based Module or Driver in the Digital UNIX Kernel
5.5    Device Special Files
5.6    Error and Event Logging

6    Extensible SNMP Application Programming Interface
6.1    Overview of eSNMP
6.1.1    Components of eSNMP
6.1.2    Architecture
6.1.3    SNMP Versions:
6.2    Overview of the Extensible SNMP Application Programming Interface
6.2.1    Subtrees
6.2.2    Object Tables
6.2.2.1    The subtree_tbl.h File
6.2.2.2    The subtree_tbl.c File
6.2.3    Implementing a Subagent.
6.2.4    Subagent Protocol Operations
6.2.4.1    Order of Operations
6.2.4.2    Function Return Values
6.3    Extensible SNMP Application Programming Interface
6.3.1    Calling Interface
6.3.1.1    The esnmp_init Routine
6.3.1.2    The esnmp_register Routine
6.3.1.3    The esnmp_unregister Routine
6.3.1.4    The esnmp_poll Routine
6.3.1.5    The esnmp_are_you_there Routine
6.3.1.6    The esnmp_trap Routine
6.3.1.7    The esnmp_term Routine
6.3.1.8    The esnmp_sysuptime Routine
6.3.2    Method Routine Calling Interface
6.3.2.1    The *_get Routine
6.3.2.2    The *_set Method Routine
Overall Processing of the *_set Routine
6.3.2.3    Method Routines
Value Representation
6.3.3    The libsnmp Support Routines
6.3.3.1    The o_integer Routine
6.3.3.2    The o_octet Routine
6.3.3.3    The o_oid Routine
6.3.3.4    The o_string Routine
6.3.3.5    The str2oid Routine
6.3.3.6    The sprintoid Routine
6.3.3.7    The instance2oid Routine
6.3.3.8    The oid2instance Routine
6.3.3.9    The inst2ip Routine
6.3.3.10    The cmp_oid Routine
6.3.3.11    The cmp_oid_prefix Routine
6.3.3.12    The clone_oid Routine
6.3.3.13    The free_oid Routine
6.3.3.14    The clone_buf Routine
6.3.3.15    The mem2oct Routine
6.3.3.16    The cmp_oct Routine
6.3.3.17    The clone_oct Routine
6.3.3.18    The free_oct Routine
6.3.3.19    The free_varbind_data Routine
6.3.3.20    The set_debug_level Routine
6.3.3.21    The is_debug_level Routine
6.3.3.22    The ESNMP_LOG Routine

7    Digital UNIX STREAMS/Sockets Coexistence
7.1    Bridging STREAMS Drivers to Sockets Protocol Stacks
7.1.1    The STREAMS Driver
7.1.1.1    Using the ifnet STREAMS Module
7.1.1.2    Data Link Provider Interface Primitives
7.2    Bridging BSD Drivers to STREAMS Protocol Stacks
7.2.1    Supported DLPI Primitives and Media Types
7.2.2    Using the STREAMS Pseudodriver

A    Sample STREAMS Module

B    Socket and XTI Programming Examples
B.1    Connection-Oriented Programs
B.1.1    Socket Server Program
B.1.2    Socket Client Program
B.1.3    XTI Server Program
B.1.4    XTI Client Program
B.2    Connectionless Programs
B.2.1    Socket Server Program
B.2.2    Socket Client Program
B.2.3    XTI Server Program
B.2.4    XTI Client Program
B.3    Common Code
B.3.1    The common.h Header File
B.3.2    The server.h Header File
B.3.3    The serverauth.c File
B.3.4    The serverdb.c File
B.3.5    The xtierror.c File
B.3.6    The client.h Header File
B.3.7    The clientauth.c File
B.3.8    The clientdb.c File

C    TCP Specific Programming Information
C.1    TCP Throughput and Window Size
C.2    Programming the TCP Socket Buffer Sizes
C.3    TCP Window Scale Option
C.3.1    Increasing the Socket Buffer Size Limit

D    Information for Token Ring Driver Developers
D.1    Enabling Source Routing
D.2    Using Canonical Addresses
D.3    Avoiding Unaligned Access
D.4    Setting Fields in the softc Structure of the Driver

E    The Data Link Interface
E.1    Prerequisites for DLI Programming
E.2    DLI Overview
E.2.1    DLI Services
E.2.2    Hardware Support
E.2.3    Using DLI to Access the Local Area Network
E.2.4    Including Higher-Level Services
E.3    The DLI Socket Address Data Structure
E.3.1    Standard Frame Formats
E.3.2    How the sockaddr_dl Structure Works
E.3.3    The Ethernet Substructure
E.3.3.1    How Ethernet Frames Work
E.3.3.2    Defining Ethernet Substructure Values
E.3.4    The 802.2 Substructure
E.3.4.1    Defining 802 Substructure Values
E.4    Writing DLI Programs
E.4.1    Supplying Data Link Services
E.4.2    Using Digital UNIX System Calls
E.4.3    Creating a Socket
E.4.4    Setting Socket Options
E.4.5    Binding the Socket
E.4.6    Filling in the sockaddr_dl Structure
E.4.6.1    Specifying the Address Family
E.4.6.2    Specifying the I/O Device ID
E.4.6.3    Specifying the Substructure Type
E.4.7    Calculating the Buffer Size
E.4.8    Transferring Data
E.4.9    Deactivating the Socket
E.5    DLI Programming Examples
E.5.1    Sample DLI Client Program Using Ethernet Format Packets
E.5.2    Sample DLI Server Program Using Ethernet Format Packets
E.5.3    Sample DLI Client Program Using 802.3 Format Packets
E.5.4    Sample DLI Server Program Using 802.3 Format Packets
E.5.5    Sample DLI Program Using getsockopt and setsockopt

Glossary

Examples

Figures

Tables