Calling Int86?, Intdos?, and DOS3Call() from Windows (93343)

SUMMARY

Int86/Int86x and Intdos/Intdosx functions, which are part of the C Run-time library, can be used to execute a documented MS-DOS-based software interrupt. The Windows (application programming interface (API) DOS3Call() also allows a Windows-based application to call an MS-DOS Interrupt 21h (Int 21h) function. Under the Windows versions 3.x environment, it is acceptable to call any of these functions from within an application or a DLL (dynamic-link library). This article discusses certain issues involved with using these functions in Windows.

NOTE: The Win32 "Programmer's Reference, Volume 1" manual states that DOS3Call() (or any 80x86 specific interrupt call) is NOT supported, and therefore an application that uses ANY of the above mentioned functions, by definition, will not run under Windows NT.

MORE INFORMATION

There are certain issues that must be considered when calling any of the above mentioned functions from within a Windows-based application or a DLL. Some of these issues are listed below:

Both the Int86x and Intdosx functions copy the DS and ES register values from the SREGS structure to the CPU registers before issuing the software interrupt. It is important to initialize the DS and ES register values in the SREGS structure BEFORE calling int86x() and intdosx(). Normally this is done by calling the _segread() function or the _FP_SEG macro. Otherwise, a general protection (GP) fault may occur as a result of attempting to load invalid selector values into the DS and ES registers from uninitialized values in the SREGS structure.
Another issue is related to memory models, DLLs, and passing correct parameters to the int86/int86x and intdos/intdosx functions. These functions take, as parameters, pointers to structures and unions. Therefore, while using small or medium model, you must ensure that these objects are always in the automatic data segment or the DGROUP. Thus, in a DLL, these objects cannot be allocated from the stack, such as a local variable, because SS != DS in a DLL. In addition, in an application these objects cannot be allocated from the global heap using the global memory APIs or be declared as being FAR (which would put them in a different data segment than the DGROUP).
Executing the software interrupt, Interrupt 21h, directly from within Windows is not significantly slower than calling DOS3Call(). Because this speed factor depends on the type of the CPU being used, it should not be considered a major factor in using either the DOS3Call() or Interrupt 21h call in Windows. Also, the speed factor is only an implementation issue and not a conceptual issue. For more information on issues related to compatibility, portability, and so forth, please query on the following words in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
low-level and interrupts and portability
Both standard mode MS-DOS extender and Windows enhanced mode provide translation services for most of the commonly used interrupts. However, when an application needs to communicate with a network, a TSR (terminate-and-stay-resident program), or any real mode software for which Windows does not provide automatic translation, it must use MS-DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) services. For more information on the list of interrupts that are supported/translated by protected mode Windows or on DPMI, please query on the following words in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
dpmi and INTEL and 31h
(NOTE: One of the articles incorrectly states that the Int 25h and Int 26h interrupts are not translated by Windows.)