Why Does Setup add STACKS=9,256 to the CONFIG.SYS File? (82774)

     STACKS=9,256
				

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MS-DOS automatically switches stacks for some hardware interrupts to prevent stack overflow errors from occurring. The STACKS=x,y statement in the CONFIG.SYS file controls the number and size of these stacks.

The first number of the STACKS= statement specifies the number of stacks and the second number specifies the size of each stack. The default setting (if no STACKS= statement appears in the CONFIG.SYS file) is 9,128. All stack switching can be disabled by setting the entry to STACKS=0,0. In this case, MS-DOS will never switch stacks during hardware interrupts.

Below are some questions and answers pertaining to the STACKS command.

1. Q. Why does MS-DOS switch stacks for hardware interrupts?
   
   A. Every program has a stack. The stack is used to store information for the program. When a hardware interrupt occurs, information is placed on the stack. An example of a device that generates a hardware interrupt is the keyboard; every time a key is pressed, one or more hardware interrupts will occur. Terminate-and-stay- resident (TSR) programs, MS-DOS device drivers, and system BIOS software may examine the hardware interrupt using a technique known as "hooking" the interrupt. Each hardware interrupt hook may require more stack space. If too much stack space is used, a stack overflow error will occur.
   
   Stack overflows can cause extremely serious problems to occur because memory locations that contain important information can be overwritten. Because many MS-DOS applications do not have stack segments that are large enough for all the interrupt hooks, MS-DOS provides a mechanism for switching stacks.
2. Why isn't the default MS-DOS stack size adequate for Windows 3.1?
   
   A. Windows itself does not benefit from the increased stack size. In fact, it is actually the combination of EMM386.EXE, SMARTDRV.EXE, and the mouse driver combined with any TSRs and device drivers already installed on the system that can cause problems. For example, SMARTDRV.EXE and the mouse driver hook the timer interrupt. EMM386.EXE and SMARTDRV.EXE hook the keyboard interrupt. When these hooks are added to a machine that is running network software or other TSRs that hook the same interrupts, the stack space requirements exceed 128 bytes (the default stack size) and a stack overflow error can occur.
3. Q. Stacks=0,0 seems to work on my machine. Should I use this setting?
   
   A. Disabling all stack switching may work for some MS-DOS programs, but it can cause stack overflow errors for others. Stack overflow errors can cause completely unpredictable results since interrupts occur at random times. Because it is impossible to tell if stack overflow errors will occur in the applications you run, it is preferable to leave MS-DOS stack switching active.
4. Q. When should this line be modified for troubleshooting?
   
   A. If your system was previously configured with STACKS=0,0 and does not boot properly after setting up Windows, you should change the entry back to STACKS=0,0. If this corrects the problem, then some software in the machine is incompatible with MS-DOS's stack- switching code. However, please note the earlier warning about using the STACKS=0,0 setting.
   
   If your computer seems to behave unpredictably, this may be due to stack overflow errors in the MS-DOS stacks. In this case, try increasing the size parameter of the stacks setting to 512 (the maximum value).
   
   If the message "INTERNAL STACK OVERFLOW. SYSTEM HALTED" appears on your system, then the number of stacks is too small. Increasing the number of stacks will correct this problem.