SUMMARY
To understand Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) better, let's
discuss X.500 and Directory Access Protocol (DAP).
In X.500, the Directory System Agent (DSA) is the database in which
directory information is stored. This database is hierarchical in form,
designed to provide fast and efficient search and retrieval.
The Directory User Agent (DUA) provides functionality that can be
implemented in all sorts of user interfaces through dedicated DUA clients,
Web server gateways, or e-mail applications.
The Directory Access Protocol (DAP) is a protocol used in X.500 Directory
Services for controlling communications between the DUA and DSA agents. The
agents represent the user or program and the directory, respectively.
The X.500 Directory Services are application-layer processes. Directory
services can be used to provide global, unified naming service for all
elements in a network, translate between network names and addresses,
provide descriptions of objects in a directory, and provide unique names
for all objects in the Directory. These X.500 objects are hierarchical with
different levels for each category of information, such as country, state,
and city, organization.
These objects may be files (as in a file system directory listing), network
entities (as in a network naming services such as Novell's NDS), or other
types of entities.
A lightweight protocol is any of a class of protocols designed for use on
high-speed internetworks. High-Speed Transport Protocol (HSTP), Xpress
Transfer Protocol (XTP), and Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
are examples.
Lightweight protocols combine routing and transport services in a more
streamlined fashion than do traditional network and transport layer
protocols. This makes it possible to transmit more efficiently over high-
speed networks, such as ATM or FDDI, and media, such as fiber-optic cable.
Lightweight protocols use various measures and refinements to streamline
and speed up transmissions, such as using connection-oriented
transmissions, such as (TCP/IP) and a fixed header and trailer size to save
the overhead of transmitting a destination address with each packet.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is a subset of the X.500
protocol. LDAP clients are, therefore, smaller, faster, and easier to
implement than are X.500 clients. LDAP is vendor-independent and works
with, but does not require, X.500.
Contrary to X.500, LDAP supports TCP/IP, which is necessary for any type of
Internet access. LDAP is an open protocol, and applications are independent
of the of server platform hosting the directory.
The Active Directory is not an X.500 directory. Instead, it uses LDAP as
the access protocol and supports the X.500 information model without
requiring systems to host the entire X.500 overhead. The result is the high
level of interoperability required for administering real-world,
heterogeneous networks.
The Active Directory supports access via the LDAP protocol from any LDAP-
enabled client. LDAP names are less intuitive than Internet names, but the
complexity of LDAP naming is usually hidden within an application. LDAP
names use the X.500 naming convention called "Attributed Naming."
An LDAP URL names the server holding Active Directory services and the
Attributed Name of the object. For example:
LDAP://SomeServer.Myco.Com/CN=jamessmith,CN=Sys,CN=Product,CN =Division,DC=myco,DC=domain-controller
LDAP C API (RFC 1823) is an informational RFC that is the de facto standard
in C programming for LDAP applications.
By combining the best of the DNS and X.500 naming standards, LDAP, other
key protocols and a rich set of APIs, the Active Directory allows a single
point of administration for all resources, including: files, peripheral
devices, host connections, databases, Web access, users, arbitrary other
objects, services, and network resources.