Automating Remote RAS Logons Using SWITCH.INF Scripts (125975)


The information in this article applies to:

  • Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11
  • Microsoft Windows NT Server 3.1
  • Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 3.1
  • Microsoft Windows NT Advanced Server 3.1
  • Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 3.5
  • Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 3.51
  • Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 4.0
  • Microsoft Windows NT Server 3.5
  • Microsoft Windows NT Server 3.51
  • Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0
This article was previously published under Q125975

SYMPTOMS

You can use the SWITCH.INF file (or PAD.INF for X.25 networks) to automate the log on process to intermediary or remote third-party devices, instead of using the manual RAS Terminal screen. SWITCH.INF was designed for automated communication with non-X.25 devices, such as intermediary, third- party security devices, or in Windows NT RAS 3.5 or later, Internet access providers (which usually require user identification before access to the Internet is permitted).

All of the information pertaining to SWITCH.INF scripting also applies to PAD.INF scripting. However, PAD.INF supports a few more features and has a few more requirements that are not the subject of this article.

None of the information in this article applies to Windows 95, because it does not support the script language used in the SWITCH.INF and PAD.INF files. Therefore, the SWITCH.INF and PAD.INF files do not exist on Windows 95.

To get support for scripting under Windows 95, obtain Windows 95 Service Pack 1 (SP1). In the Admin directory of SP1 you can find the scripting tool Script.exe. The Admin directory also contains the Script.doc file that describes the commands and syntax of that script language.

Note: Windows 95 was not tested with X.25 dial-up and therefore is not supported as an X.25 client, however, it may work.

Note: Windows NT 4.0 supports the script language used in SWITCH.INF and PAD.INF as well as the Windows 95 script language.

MORE INFORMATION

LIMITATIONS

RAS versions prior to 3.1 do not support SWITCH.INF scripting. However, you may be able to obtain the same functionality by using the PAD.INF file with RAS version 1.1x. For more information, refer to the "Using Scripts with Other Microsoft RAS Clients" section below.

PAD.INF was designed for X.25 connectivity. Although using PAD.INF with non- X.25 networks may work, it has not been tested by, and is not supported by Microsoft. Before using PAD.INF on non-X.25 networks, study the syntax, structure, and common command lines in the PAD.INF file that ships with RAS. Also, refer to your RAS manuals on X.25 connectivity.

All of the information in this article applies to all RAS versions that have PAD.INF file support. However, the syntax is different for the RAS version 1.1x. Refer to your RAS version 1.1x PAD.INF, RAS manual, and release notes for more information.

CREATING SCRIPTS FOR RAS

The SWITCH.INF file is like a set of small batch files or scripts, all contained in one file. A SWITCH.INF script can contain six elements: a section header, comments, commands, responses, response keywords, and reserved macro keywords.

In addition to dividing the SWITCH.INF file into individual scripts, section headers start the scripts. Comment lines are used to document the script. Any other line in a script is either a command or a response. A command is issued from the local RAS client. A response is received from the remote device or computer.

To write an automatic script for your RAS client you must know the required commands and corresponding responses for the intermediary device. The commands and responses must be in the exact order that the device expects to encounter them.

Branching statements, such as GOTO or IF command, are not supported by the SWITCH.INF and PAD.INF script language. The required sequence of commands and responses from intermediary devices should be in the device documentation. If you are connecting to a commercial service, the required sequence of commands and responses should also be available from the service support staff.

The SWITCH.INF file can contain scripts for each intermediary device or online service that the RAS user calls. The scripts are activated by configuring Remote Access Phonebook entries as described below in the "Activating SWITCH.INF Scripts" section.

SECTION HEADERS

A section header marks the beginning of a script, is enclosed in square brackets, and cannot exceed 31 characters. For example: 
   [Route 66 Login]
Each script requires one section header. The section header appears in the RAS Phonebook field allowing you to select RAS Terminal or any other SWITCH.INF script. For more information, see the "Activating SWITCH.INF Scripts" section below.

COMMENTS

Comment lines are preceded by semicolons (;) in the left most margin (column one), are optional, and can be placed anywhere in the file. For example: 
   ; This script was created by Patrick on September 29, 1995

COMMANDS

A command comes from the local computer. A response comes from the remote device or computer. The COMMAND= statement, which can be used in three different ways, is used to send commands to the intermediary device.

NOTE: Use upper case for all SWITCH.INF commands.

COMMAND=

COMMAND= by itself causes an approximate two second delay, depending on CPU speed and the presence of caching software (for example, SMARTDRV.EXE). If the intermediary device cannot process all of the characters on a COMMAND=<CustomString><cr> line (because they are sent at once), use multiple COMMAND= statements.

COMMAND=<CUSTOM STRING>

COMMAND=<custom string> sends the custom string and causes a slight delay of several hundred milliseconds (depending on CPU speed and installed caching software). The delay gives the intermediary device time to process the custom string and prepare for the next command.

COMMAND=CUSTOM STRING <cr>

COMMAND=<custom string><cr> sends the custom string immediately. Consult the remote device documentation to determine which strings are required.

RESPONSES

Each command line is followed by one or more response lines. Consult the remote device documentation to determine which response strings and dialogs are expected by the remote device. RAS compares responses received with what you put on the response lines. If it matches, RAS uses the response related keyword and macro.

RESPONSE KEYWORDS

The keyword in a response line specifies what your RAS client does with the responses it receives from the remote computer.

The response strings your RAS client receives from the remote device or online service can be used with one of the following keywords in response lines:

OK= remote_device_response <macro>

The OK keyword indicates that RAS can execute the next script line if the condition on the right side of the equal sign is met.

LOOP= remote_device_response <macro>

The LOOP keyword indicates to RAS to wait for a response that matches the condition to the right of the equal sign and if that condition is met to wait for the same response again. If a response does not meet the condition on the right side of the equal sign RAS executes the next line.

CONNECT= remote_device_response <macro>

This keyword is used near the end of the script to indicate the end of the script.

ERROR_NO_CARRIER= remote_device_response <macro>

This keyword is used to test for the presence of a carrier. Intermediary devices report their presence in different ways.

ERROR_DIAGNOSTICS= remote_device_response <macro>

This keyword can be used in conjunction with the <Diagnostics> macro to allow RAS to display a message box containing a problem cause and diagnostic information.

These response related keywords are usually clustered, but do not have to be. CONNECT= is usually the last line, unless it is followed by an ERROR_ line. For example:

CONNECT=<match>" CONNECT"
ERROR_NO_CARRIER=<match>"NO CARRIER"
ERROR_DIAGNOSTICS=<cr><lf><Diagnostics>
ERROR_DIAGNOSTICS=<lf><cr><lf><Diagnostics>

NORESPONSE

The RAS client always expects a response from the remote device. The client waits until a response is received unless a NoResponse statement follows the COMMAND= line. If there is no statement for a response following a COMMAND= line, the COMMAND= line still executes, but the script does not execute any further.

RESERVED MACRO KEYWORDS

The following table explains the function of each reserved macro keyword: 
   Macro           Function
   -----------------------------------------------------------------------

   <cr>            Inserts a carriage return.

   <lf>            Inserts a line feed.

   <match>         Reports a match if the string enclosed in quotation
                   marks is found in the device response. For example,
                   <match>"Smith" matches Jane Smith and John Smith III.

   <?>             Inserts a wildcard character. For example, CO<?><?>2
                   matches COOL2 or COAT2, but not COOL3.

   <hXX>           Allows any hexadecimal character to appear in a string
                   including the zero byte, <h00>.
                   NOTE: XX represents hexadecimal digits.

   <ignore>        Ignores the rest of a response from the macro. For
                   example, <cr><lf>CONNECTV-<ignore> reads the following
                   responses as the same: "crlfCONNECTV-1.1" and
                   "crlfCONNECTV-2.3."

                   If a lot of information is ignored, like a large welcome
                   banner, RAS might time out and move on to the next
                   script line. This usually causes problems. To avoid this
                   problem, use multiple pairs of COMMAND= followed by
                   OK=<ignore> to force RAS to wait longer and ignore
                   additional response stings. For example:

                      COMMAND=
                      OK=<ignore>

                      COMMAND=
                      OK=<ignore>

   <diagnostics>   This macro function can be used in conjunction with the
                   ERROR_DIAGNOSITICS= keyword macro to allow RAS to
                   display a message box containing a problem cause and
                   diagnostic information.

ACTIVATING SWITCH.INF SCRIPTS

You can configure a RAS entry to run a SWITCH.INF script before dialing, after dialing, or both. For example, to automate the task of logging onto a remote host, create the script in the SWITCH.INF file and then configure the RAS entry to use the created script after dialing.

To activate a script in Windows NT and Windows for Workgroups version 3.11:
  1. Run Remote Access and select an entry.
  2. Choose the Edit button.
  3. If the Security button is not available, choose the Advanced button.
  4. Choose the Security button. (In Windows NT 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups 3.11 the button is labeled Switch).
  5. In the After Dialing box, select the name of the script. The section header in the SWITCH.INF file is what appears as the name of the script. (In Windows NT 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups 3.11 this box is labeled Post-Connect).
  6. Choose the OK button until you return to the main Remote Access Screen.
When you dial this entry, the selected script runs after RAS dials and connects to the remote host.

Troubleshooting Scripts using DEVICE.LOG and RAS Terminal

Before writing scripts to automate the process of logging onto an intermediary device, use the RAS Terminal feature to familiarize yourself with the logon sequence of events. For more information on activating the RAS Terminal feature, refer to the "Configuring Windows RAS to Use RAS Terminal After Dialing" section below.

To find errors that prevent your scripts from working, log all information passed between RAS, the modem, and the intermediary device (including errors reported by the intermediary device) by turning on logging.

After you enable logging, the DEVICE.LOG file is created (when you start RAS) in the Windows NT %systemroot%\SYSTEM32\RAS subdirectory or the of Windows for Workgroups \WINDOWS directory.

If an error is encountered during script execution, execution halts. Determine the problem by looking at any RAS error messages you receive and by looking at the DEVICE.LOG file. Make necessary corrections to the script and then restart RAS.

The DEVICE.LOG file appends any communication as long as RAS is not restarted. If you restart RAS, the DEVICE.LOG file is erased and re- created. Therefore, if you make changes to SWITCH.INF during your script development that require you to restart RAS, and you wish to save the current traces contained in the DEVICE.LOG file, rename the DEVICE.LOG file before starting RAS again.

ENABLING LOGGING AND CREATING A DEVICE.LOG FILE

To enabling logging and creating a DEVICE.LOG file under Windows NT:

WARNING: Using Registry Editor incorrectly can cause serious, system-wide problems that may require you to reinstall Windows NT to correct them. Microsoft cannot guarantee that any problems resulting from the use of Registry Editor can be solved. Use this tool at your own risk.
  1. Hang up any connections, and exit from Remote Access.
  2. Run Registry Editor (REGEDT32.EXE).
  3. From the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE subtree, go to the following key:

    SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\RasMan\Parametersm

  4. Change the value of the Logging parameter to 1. For example:

    Logging:REG_DWORD:0x1

Logging begins when you restart Remote Access or start the Remote Access Server service (if your computer is receiving calls). You do not need to shutdown and restart Windows NT.

To enabling logging and creating a DEVICE.LOG file under Windows for Workgroups:
  1. Using a text editor such as Windows Notepad, edit the SYSTEM.INI file.
  2. In the [Remote Access] section, add the following line:

    LOGGING=1.

  3. Save the file.
The DEVICE.LOG text file is created in the Windows directory when you restart Windows and RAS.

CONFIGURING WINDOWS RAS TO USE RAS TERMINAL AFTER DIALING

To configure a Windows NT RAS 3.5 or later entry to use Terminal after dialing:
  1. In Remote Access, select an entry.
  2. Choose the Edit button.
  3. If the Security button is not available, choose the Advanced button.
  4. Choose the Security button. (In Windows NT 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups 3.11 this button is labeled Switch).
  5. In the After Dialing field, select Terminal. (In Windows NT 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups 3.11 this is labeled Post-Connect).
  6. Choose the OK button until you return to the main Remote Access Screen.

CREATING ONE SCRIPT FOR MULTIPLE SITUATIONS

A company with employees working at different locations may need to provide employees with the ability to log on to an X.25 service from various locations. The RAS script language does not provide any IF/ENDIF, IF/ELSE/ENDIF, or GOTO statements. Therefore, you cannot test for logical responses or errors received from intermediary devices (such as X.25 providers or third party security hosts) and then branch off to a different execution path. However, the script language does allow you to catch errors and display them on the screen using: 
   ERROR_DIAGNOSTICS=<cr><lt><lf><lt><Diagnostics>
To provide a variety of RAS clients with an X.25 or other script you need to write several scripts to manage all local logon dialog variations. For example:

If you have a Windows for Workgroups 3.11 RAS client or Microsoft RAS 1.1 client, set an environment variable to a value representing the local X.25 carrier. Then run a batch file that copies the correct script to the file name PAD.INF or SWITCH.INF (depending on the value of the environment variable) and then start Windows.

If you have a Windows NT RAS client, create an icon that runs a similar batch file that tests the environment variable and then calls RAS. All scripts can be provided on one disk and all the user has to do is copy the files to a directory on their hard drive and set the environment variable. This can be automated as well to minimize user interaction.

USING SCRIPTS WITH OTHER MICROSOFT RAS CLIENTS

Microsoft RAS version 1.0 does not have the capability to invoke RAS Terminal or use scripts in .INF files. Upgrades to RAS 1.1a are free. Microsoft RAS version 1.1 and 1.1a support only PAD.INF files. The syntax used in the PAD.INF file differs slightly from subsequent versions of Microsoft RAS. Microsoft RAS for Windows for Workgroups version 3.11, Windows NT version 3.1, and Windows NT version 3.5, 3.51, and 4.0 support RAS Terminal and scripts in SWITCH.INF and PAD.INF files. Windows NT 4.0 supports a new script language in addition to the old one. The new language is more sophisticated and supports subroutines and If, While, and Goto statements, and more.
Modification Type:MajorLast Reviewed:12/5/2003
Keywords:kbprb KB125975
©2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.