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as(1)
NAME
as - assembler
SYNOPSIS
as [option]... file
OPTIONS
Options described in this section are divided into the following
categories.
· Options Common to as and cc (see cc(1) for complete information)
· Options Specific to as
· Assembler Development Options (not generally used)
Options Common to as and cc
-g0 Produce no symbol table information for symbolic debugging. This is the
default.
-g1 Produce additional symbol table information for accurate but limited
symbolic debugging of partially optimized code.
-g or -g2
Produce additional symbol table information for full symbolic debugging
and not do optimizations that limit full symbolic debugging.
-[no]pg
Turns gprof profiling on or off when assembling and linking the file
immediately following this option. The gprof profiler produces a call
graph showing the execution of a C program.
When this option is turned on, the standard run-time startup routine is
replaced by the gcrt0.o routine. Programs that are linked with the -pg
option and then run will produce, in file gmon.out, a dynamic call
graph and profile. You then run gprof on the gmon.out file to display
the output. When you use the -pg option together with either the
-pthread option or the -threads option, the profiling library
libprof1_r.a is used.
For more information, see the gprof(1) reference page.
-compress
Produce a compressed object as output.
-O0 Performs no optimization.
-O1 Runs the instruction scheduler.
-w[n]
Controls the display of messages as well as the actions that occur as a
result of the messages. The value of n can be one of the following:
0 Displays assembler messages for less important issues.
1 Suppresses warning and informational messages and displays error
and fatal messages. This is equivalent to specifying -w.
2 If the assembler encounters an error that generates a warning-level
diagnostic message, the assembler displays the message and then
aborts.
3 Does not print warning messages. However, when warnings occur,
exits with nonzero status.
-P Run only the C macro preprocessor and put the result in a file with the
suffix of the source file changed to .i or if the file has no suffix
then a i is added to the source file name. The .i file has no # lines
in it. This sets the -cpp option.
-E Run only the C macro preprocessor on the file and send the result to
the standard output. This sets the -cpp option.
-C or -M or -Q
These three options are passed directly to cpp(1). See cpp(1) for
details.
-eflag number
Set the default exception handling runtime procedure descriptor flags
(see <pdsc.h>) to the number specified. If you provide a .eflag
directive in a procedure in your source code, the -eflag option is
ignored for that procedure.
-o output
Name the final output file output. If this option is used, the file
a.out is undisturbed.
-Dname=def
"-Dname" Define the name to the C macro preprocessor, as if by #define.
If no definition is given, the name is defined as "1".
-Uname
Remove any initial definition of name.
-I dir
The #include files whose names do not begin with `/' are always sought
first in the directory of the file argument, then in directories
specified in -I options, and finally in the standard directory
(/usr/include).
-I This option will cause #include files never to be searched for in the
standard directory (/usr/include).
-v Print the passes as they execute with their arguments and their input
and output files.
-V Print the version of the driver and the versions of all passes. This is
done with the what(1) command.
-[no]cpp
Determines whether to run the C macro preprocessor on assembly source
files before assembling. The default is -cpp.
-arch option
Specifies which version of the Alpha architecture to generate
instructions for. All Alpha processors implement a core set of
instructions and, in some cases, the following extensions: BWX
(byte/word-manipulation extension), MVI (multimedia extension), FIX
(square root and floating-point convert extension), and CIX (count
extension). (The Alpha Architecture Reference Manual describes the
extensions in detail.)
The option argument can be one of the following, which determines the
instructions that the assembler can generate (for details, see cc(1)):
generic
Generate instructions that are appropriate for all Alpha
processors. This option is the default.
host
Generate instructions for the processor that the assembler is
running on (for example, EV6 instructions on an EV6 processor).
ev4
ev5
ev56
ev6
ev67
pca56
-tune option
Instructs the optimizer to tune the application for a specific version
of the Alpha hardware. This will not prevent the application from
running correctly on other versions of Alpha but it may run more slowly
than generically-tuned code on those versions.
The option argument can be one of the following, which selects
instruction tuning appropriate for the listed processor(s) (for
details, see cc(1)):
generic
Tune instructions for all Alpha processors. This is the default.
host
Tune instructions for the processor on which the code is
assembeled.
ev4
ev5
ev56
ev6
ev67
pca56
See also the -arch option in cc(1) for an explanation of the
differences between -tune and -arch.
Options Specific to as
-no_const_opts
When specified with optimization (the default, unless -O0 is
specified), the register manager will not attempt to perform any
register optimizations involving float or integer constants.
-no_reg_mgr
When specified with optimization (the default, unless -O0 is
specified), stops all register manager optimizations from being
performed by the assembler.
Assembler Development Options
The options described below primarily aid assembler development and are not
generally used:
-Wc[c...],arg1,[arg2...]
Pass the argument[s] argi to the assembler pass[es] c[c..]. The c
can be one of [ pab]. The c selects the assembler pass in the same
way as the -t option.
The options -t[ hpa], -h path, and -Bstring select a name to use for a
particular pass. These arguments are processed from left to right so their
order is significant. When the -B option is encountered, the selection of
names takes place using the last -h and -t options. Therefore, the -B
option is always required when using -h or -t. Sets of these options can
be used to select any combination of names.
-t[ hpa]
Select the names. The names selected are those designated by the
characters following the -t option according to the following table:
______________________________________
Name Character
______________________________________
include h (see note following table)
cpp p
adu a
______________________________________
If the character `h' is in the -t argument, a directory is added to the
list of directories to be used in searching for #include files. This
directory name has the form COMP_TARGET_ROOT/usr/include/string. This
directory is to contain the include files for the string release of the
assembler. The standard directory is still searched.
For compatibility, -tb is equivalent to -ta
-hpath
Use path rather than the directory where the name is normally found.
-Bstring
Append string to all names specified by the -t option. If no -t option
has been processed before the -B, the -t option is assumed to be
"hpab". This list designates all names.
Invoking the assembler with a name of the form asstring has the same effect
as using a -Bstring option on the command line.
If the environment variable COMP_HOST_ROOT is set, the value is used as the
root directory for all paths to the pass names other than the default root
directory ( /). If the environment variable COMP_TARGET_ROOT is set, the
value is used as the root directory for the #include files other than the
default root directory (/).
If the environment variable ROOTDIR is set, the value is used as the root
directory for all names rather than the default /usr/. This also affects
the standard directory for #include files, /usr/include.
If the environment variable TMPDIR is set, the value is used as the
directory to place any temporary files rather than the default /tmp/.
Other arguments are ignored.
DESCRIPTION
The assembler, as, produces object code files in extended coff format. The
as command never runs the link editor (ld(1)). The as command accepts one
type of argument.
The argument file is assumed to be a symbolic assembly language source
program. It is assembled, producing an object file.
The assembler always defines the C preprocessor macros unix, and
LANGUAGE_ASSEMBLY to the C macro preprocessor. To see a list of predefined
macros, use the -v option.
ERRORS
The diagnostics produced by the assembler are intended to be self-
explanatory.
FILES
file.o
object file
a.out
assembler output
/tmp/ctm?
temporary
/usr/lib/cpp
C macro preprocessor
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/adu
assembly source file to extended COFF object file translator
/usr/include
standard directory for #include files
SEE ALSO
Commands: cc(1), what(1)
Programmer's Guide, Assembly Language Programmer's Guide
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Index for
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Alphabetical
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