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twm(1X)
X11R6
NAME
twm - Tab Window Manager for the X Window System
SYNOPSIS
twm [-display dpy] [-s] [-f initfile] [-v]
OPTIONS
twm accepts the following command line options:
-display dpy
This option specifies the X server to use.
-s This option indicates that only the default screen (as specified by
-display or by the DISPLAY environment variable) should be managed. By
default, twm will attempt to manage all screens on the display.
-f filename
This option specifies the name of the startup file to use. By default,
twm will look in the user's home directory for files named .twmrc.num
(where num is a screen number) or .twmrc.
-v This option indicates that twm should print error messages whenever an
unexpected X Error event is received. This can be useful when
debugging applications but can be distracting in regular use.
DESCRIPTION
twm is a window manager for the X Window System. It provides titlebars,
shaped windows, several forms of icon management, user-defined macro
functions, click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-
specified key and pointer button bindings.
This program is usually started by the user's session manager or startup
script. When used from xdm(1X) without a session manager, twm is
frequently executed in the foreground as the last client. When run this
way, exiting twm causes the session to be terminated (that is, logged out).
By default, application windows are surrounded by a "frame" with a titlebar
at the top and a special border around the window. The titlebar contains
the window's name, a rectangle that is lit when the window is receiving
keyboard input, and function boxes known as "titlebuttons" at the left and
right edges of the titlebar.
Pressing pointer Button1 (usually the left-most button unless it has been
changed with xmodmap) on a titlebutton will invoke the function associated
with the button. In the default interface, windows are iconified by
clicking (pressing and then immediately releasing) the left titlebutton
(which looks like a Dot). Conversely, windows are deiconified by clicking
in the associated icon or entry in the icon manager (see description of the
variable ShowIconManager and of the function f.showiconmgr).
Windows are resized by pressing the right titlebutton (which resembles a
group of nested squares), dragging the pointer over edge that is to be
moved, and releasing the pointer when the outline of the window is the
desired size. Similarly, windows are moved by pressing in the title or
highlight region, dragging a window outline to the new location, and then
releasing when the outline is in the desired position. Just clicking in
the title or highlight region raises the window without moving it.
When new windows are created, twm will honor any size and location
information requested by the user (usually through -geometry command line
argument or resources for the individual applications). Otherwise, an
outline of the window's default size, its titlebar, and lines dividing the
window into a 3x3 grid that track the pointer are displayed. Clicking
pointer Button1 will position the window at the current position and give
it the default size. Pressing pointer Button2 (usually the middle pointer
button) and dragging the outline will give the window its current position
but allow the sides to be resized as described above. Clicking pointer
Button3 (usually the right pointer button) will give the window its current
position but attempt to make it long enough to touch the bottom the screen.
CUSTOMIZATION
Much of twm's appearance and behavior can be controlled by providing a
startup file in one of the following locations (searched in order for each
screen being managed when twm begins):
$HOME/.twmrc.screennumber
The screennumber is a small positive number (for example, 0, 1, and so
forth.) representing the screen number (for example, the last number in
the DISPLAY environment variable host:displaynum.screennum) that would
be used to contact that screen of the display. This is intended for
displays with multiple screens of differing visual types.
$HOME/.twmrc
This is the usual name for an individual user's startup file.
<XRoot>/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc
If neither of the preceding files are found, twm will look in this file
for a default configuration. This is often tailored by the site
administrator to provide convenient menus or familiar bindings for
novice users. <XRoot> refers to the root of the X11 install tree.
If no startup files are found, twm will use the built-in defaults described
above. The only resource used by twm is bitmapFilePath for a colon-
separated list of directories to search when looking for bitmap files (for
more information, see the Athena Widgets manual and xrdb(1X)).
twm startup files are logically broken up into three types of
specifications: Variables, Bindings, Menus. The Variables section must
come first and is used to describe the fonts, colors, cursors, border
widths, icon and window placement, highlighting, autoraising, layout of
titles, warping, use of the icon manager. The Bindings section usually
comes second and is used to specify the functions that should be to be
invoked when keyboard and pointer buttons are pressed in windows, icons,
titles, and frames. The Menus section gives any user-defined menus
(containing functions to be invoked or commands to be executed).
Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive. Strings must be
surrounded by double quote characters (for example, "blue") and are case-
sensitive. A pound sign (#) outside of a string causes the remainder of the
line in which the character appears to be treated as a comment.
VARIABLES
Many of the aspects of twm's user interface are controlled by variables
that may be set in the user's startup file. Some of the options are
enabled or disabled simply by the presence of a particular keyword. Other
options require keywords, numbers, strings, or lists of all of these.
Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by whitespace or a
newline. For example:
AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }
or
AutoRaise
{
"emacs"
"XTerm"
"Xmh"
}
When a variable containing a list of strings representing windows is
searched (for example, to determine whether or not to enable autoraise as
shown above), a string must be an exact, case-sensitive match to the
window's name (given by the WM_NAME window property), resource name or
class name (both given by the WM_CLASS window property). The preceding
example would enable autoraise on windows named "emacs" as well as any
xterm (since they are of class "XTerm") or xmh windows (which are of class
"Xmh").
String arguments that are interpreted as filenames (see the Pixmaps,
Cursors, and IconDirectory below) will prepend the user's directory
(specified by the HOME environment variable) if the first character is a
tilde (~). If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the name is
assumed to refer to one of the internal bitmaps that are used to create the
default titlebars symbols: :xlogo or :delete (both refer to the X logo),
:dot or :iconify (both refer to the dot), :resize (the nested squares used
by the resize button), :menu (a page with lines), and :question (the
question mark used for non-existent bitmap files).
The following variables may be specified at the top of a twm startup file.
Lists of Window name prefix strings are indicated by win-list. Optional
arguments are shown in square brackets:
AutoRaise { win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows that should automatically be
raised whenever the pointer enters the window. This action can be
interactively enabled or disabled on individual windows using the
function f.autoraise.
AutoRelativeResize
This variable indicates that dragging out a window size (either when
initially sizing the window with pointer Button2 or when resizing it)
should not wait until the pointer has crossed the window edges.
Instead, moving the pointer automatically causes the nearest edge or
edges to move by the same amount. This allows the resizing of windows
that extend off the edge of the screen. If the pointer is in the center
of the window, or if the resize is begun by pressing a titlebutton, twm
will still wait for the pointer to cross a window edge (to prevent
accidents). This option is particularly useful for people who like the
press-drag-release method of sweeping out window sizes.
BorderColor string [{ wincolorlist }]
This variable specifies the default color of the border to be placed
around all non-iconified windows, and may only be given within a Color,
Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional wincolorlist specifies a
list of window and color name pairs for specifying particular border
colors for different types of windows. For example:
BorderColor "gray50"
{
"XTerm""red"
"xmh" "green"
}
The default is "black".
BorderTileBackground string [{ wincolorlist }]
This variable specifies the default background color in the gray
pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if NoHighlight has not been
set), and may only be given within a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome
list. The optional wincolorlist allows per-window colors to be
specified. The default is "white".
BorderTileForeground string [{ wincolorlist }]
This variable specifies the default foreground color in the gray
pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if NoHighlight has not been
set), and may only be given within a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome
list. The optional wincolorlist allows per-window colors to be
specified. The default is "black".
BorderWidth pixels
This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding
all client window frames if ClientBorderWidth has not been specified.
This value is also used to set the border size of windows created by
twm (such as the icon manager). The default is 2.
ButtonIndent pixels
This variable specifies the amount by which titlebuttons should be
indented on all sides. Positive values cause the buttons to be smaller
than the window text and highlight area so that they stand out.
Setting this and the TitleButtonBorderWidth variables to 0 makes
titlebuttons be as tall and wide as possible. The default is 1.
ClientBorderWidth
This variable indicates that border width of a window's frame should be
set to the initial border width of the window, rather than to the value
of BorderWidth.
Color { colors-list }
This variable specifies a list of color assignments to be made if the
default display is capable of displaying more than simple black and
white. The colors-list is made up of the following color variables and
their values: DefaultBackground, DefaultForeground, MenuBackground,
MenuForeground, MenuTitleBackground, MenuTitleForeground,
MenuShadowColor, PointerForeground, and PointerBackground. The
following color variables may also be given a list of window and color
name pairs to allow per-window colors to be specified (see BorderColor
for details): BorderColor, IconManagerHighlight, BorderTitleBackground,
BorderTitleForeground, TitleBackground, TitleForeground,
IconBackground, IconForeground, IconBorderColor, IconManagerBackground,
and IconManagerForeground. For example:
Color
{
MenuBackground "gray50"
MenuForeground "blue"
BorderColor "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" }
TitleForeground "yellow"
TitleBackground "blue"
}
All of these color variables may also be specified for the Monochrome
variable, allowing the same initialization file to be used on both
color and monochrome displays.
ConstrainedMoveTime milliseconds
This variable specifies the length of time between button clicks needed
to begin a constrained move operation. Double clicking within this
amount of time when invoking f.move will cause the window to be moved
only in a horizontal or vertical direction. Setting this value to 0
will disable constrained moves. The default is 400 milliseconds.
Cursors { cursor-list }
This variable specifies the glyphs that twm should use for various
pointer cursors. Each cursor may be defined either from the cursor
font or from two bitmap files. Shapes from the cursor font may be
specified directly as:
cursorname "string"
where cursorname is one of the cursor names listed below, and string is
the name of a glyph as found in the file
<XRoot>/include/X11/cursorfont.h (without the "XC_" prefix). If the
cursor is to be defined from bitmap files, the following syntax is used
instead:
cursorname "image" "mask"
The image and mask strings specify the names of files containing the
glyph image and mask in bitmap(1X) form. The bitmap files are located
in the same manner as icon bitmap files. The following example shows
the default cursor definitions:
Cursors
{
Frame "top_left_arrow"
Title "top_left_arrow"
Icon "top_left_arrow"
IconMgr "top_left_arrow"
Move "fleur"
Resize "fleur"
Menu "sb_left_arrow"
Button "hand2"
Wait "watch"
Select "dot"
Destroy "pirate"
}
DecorateTransients
This variable indicates that transient windows (those containing a
WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property) should have titlebars. By default,
transients are not reparented.
DefaultBackground string
This variable specifies the background color to be used for sizing and
information windows. The default is "white".
DefaultForeground string
This variable specifies the foreground color to be used for sizing and
information windows. The default is "black".
DontIconifyByUnmapping { win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows that should not be iconified
by simply unmapping the window (as would be the case if
IconifyByUnmapping had been set). This is frequently used to force
some windows to be treated as icons while other windows are handled by
the icon manager.
DontMoveOff
This variable indicates that windows should not be allowed to be moved
off the screen. It can be overridden by the f.forcemove function.
DontSqueezeTitle [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that titlebars should not be squeezed to their
minimum size as described under SqueezeTitle below. If the optional
window list is supplied, only those windows will be prevented from
being squeezed.
ForceIcons
This variable indicates that icon pixmaps specified in the Icons
variable should override any client-supplied pixmaps.
FramePadding pixels
This variable specifies the distance between the titlebar decorations
(the button and text) and the window frame. The default is 2 pixels.
Grayscale { colors }
This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should be made
if the screen has a GrayScale default visual. See the description of
Colors.
IconBackground string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the background color of icons, and may only be
specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional
win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors
may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete
description of the win-list. The default is "white".
IconBorderColor string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the color of the border used for icon windows,
and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome
list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so
that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable
for a complete description of the win-list. The default is "black".
IconBorderWidth pixels
This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding
icon windows. The default is 2.
IconDirectory string
This variable specifies the directory that should be searched if if a
bitmap file cannot be found in any of the directories in the
bitmapFilePath resource.
IconFont string
This variable specifies the font to be used to display icon names
within icons. The default is "variable".
IconForeground string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when displaying
icons, and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and
colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor
variable for a complete description of the win-list. The default is
"black".
IconifyByUnmapping [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that windows should be iconified by being
unmapped without trying to map any icons. This assumes that the user
will remap the window through the icon manager, the f.warpto function,
or the TwmWindows menu. If the optional win-list is provided, only
those windows will be iconified by simply unmapping. Windows that have
both this and the IconManagerDontShow options set may not be accessible
if no binding to the TwmWindows menu is set in the user's startup file.
IconManagerBackground string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the background color to use for icon manager
entries, and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and
colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor
variable for a complete description of the win-list. The default is
"white".
IconManagerDontShow [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that the icon manager should not display any
windows. If the optional win-list is given, only those windows will
not be displayed. This variable is used to prevent windows that are
rarely iconified (such as xclock or xload) from taking up space in the
icon manager.
IconManagerFont string
This variable specifies the font to be used when displaying icon
manager entries. The default is "variable".
IconManagerForeground string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when displaying
icon manager entries, and may only be specified inside of a Color,
Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window
names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the
BorderColor variable for a complete description of the win-list. The
default is "black".
IconManagerGeometry string [ columns ]
This variable specifies the geometry of the icon manager window. The
string argument is standard geometry specification that indicates the
initial full size of the icon manager. The icon manager window is then
broken into columns pieces and scaled according to the number of
entries in the icon manager. Extra entries are wrapped to form
additional rows. The default number of columns is 1.
IconManagerHighlight string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the border color to be used when highlighting
the icon manager entry that currently has the focus, and can only be
specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional
win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors
may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete
description of the win-list. The default is "black".
IconManagers { iconmgr-list }
This variable specifies a list of icon managers to create. Each item
in the iconmgr-list has the following format:
"winname" ["iconname"] "geometry" columns
where winname is the name of the windows that should be put into this
icon manager, iconname is the name of that icon manager window's icon,
geometry is a standard geometry specification, and columns is the
number of columns in this icon manager as described in
IconManagerGeometry. For example:
IconManagers
{
"XTerm" "=300x5+800+5" 5
"myhost" "=400x5+100+5" 2
}
Clients whose name or class is "XTerm" will have an entry created in
the "XTerm" icon manager. Clients whose name was "myhost" would be put
into the "myhost" icon manager.
IconManagerShow { win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows that should appear in the
icon manager. When used in conjunction with the IconManagerDontShow
variable, only the windows in this list will be shown in the icon
manager.
IconRegion geomstring vgrav hgrav gridwidth gridheight
This variable specifies an area on the root window in which icons are
placed if no specific icon location is provided by the client. The
geomstring is a quoted string containing a standard geometry
specification. If more than one IconRegion lines are given, icons will
be put into the succeeding icon regions when the first is full. The
vgrav argument should be either North or South and control and is used
to control whether icons are first filled in from the top or bottom of
the icon region. Similarly, the hgrav argument should be either East
or West and is used to control whether icons should be filled in from
left from the right. Icons are laid out within the region in a grid
with cells gridwidth pixels wide and gridheight pixels high.
Icons { win-list }
This variable specifies a list of window names and the bitmap filenames
that should be used as their icons. For example:
Icons
{
"XTerm" "xterm.icon"
"xfd" "xfd_icon"
}
Windows that match "XTerm" and would not be iconified by unmapping, and
would try to use the icon bitmap in the file "xterm.icon". If
ForceIcons is specified, this bitmap will be used even if the client
has requested its own icon pixmap.
InterpolateMenuColors
This variable indicates that menu entry colors should be interpolated
between entry specified colors. In the example below:
Menu "mymenu"
{
"Title" ("black":"red") f.title
"entry1" f.nop
"entry2" f.nop
"entry3" ("white":"green")f.nop
"entry4" f.nop
"entry5" ("red":"white") f.nop
}
the foreground colors for "entry1" and "entry2" will be interpolated
between black and white, and the background colors between red and
green. Similarly, the foreground for "entry4" will be half-way between
white and red, and the background will be half-way between green and
white.
MakeTitle { win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows on which a titlebar should be
placed and is used to request titles on specific windows when NoTitle
has been set.
MaxWindowSize string
This variable specifies a geometry in which the width and height give
the maximum size for a given window. This is typically used to
restrict windows to the size of the screen. The default width is 32767
- screen width. The default height is 32767 - screen height.
MenuBackground string
This variable specifies the background color used for menus, and can
only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is
"white".
MenuFont string
This variable specifies the font to use when displaying menus. The
default is "variable".
MenuForeground string
This variable specifies the foreground color used for menus, and can
only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The
default is "black".
MenuShadowColor string
This variable specifies the color of the shadow behind pull-down menus
and can only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome
list. The default is "black".
MenuTitleBackground string
This variable specifies the background color for f.title entries in
menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The default is "white".
MenuTitleForeground string
This variable specifies the foreground color for f.title entries in
menus and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list.
The default is "black".
Monochrome { colors }
This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should be made
if the screen has a depth of 1. See the description of Colors.
MoveDelta pixels
This variable specifies the number of pixels the pointer must move
before the f.move function starts working. Also see the f.deltastop
function. The default is zero pixels.
NoBackingStore
This variable indicates that twm's menus should not request backing
store to minimize repainting of menus. This is typically used with
servers that can repaint faster than they can handle backing store.
NoCaseSensitive
This variable indicates that case should be ignored when sorting icon
names in an icon manager. This option is typically used with
applications that capitalize the first letter of their icon name.
NoDefaults
This variable indicates that twm should not supply the default
titlebuttons and bindings. This option should only be used if the
startup file contains a completely new set of bindings and definitions.
NoGrabServer
This variable indicates that twm should not grab the server when
popping up menus and moving opaque windows.
NoHighlight [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that borders should not be highlighted to track
the location of the pointer. If the optional win-list is given,
highlighting will only be disabled for those windows. When the border
is highlighted, it will be drawn in the current BorderColor. When the
border is not highlighted, it will be stippled with a gray pattern
using the current BorderTileForeground and BorderTileBackground colors.
NoIconManagers
This variable indicates that no icon manager should be created.
NoMenuShadows
This variable indicates that menus should not have drop shadows drawn
behind them. This is typically used with slower servers since it
speeds up menu drawing at the expense of making the menu slightly
harder to read.
NoRaiseOnDeiconify
This variable indicates that windows that are deiconified should not be
raised.
NoRaiseOnMove
This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when moved.
This is typically used to allow windows to slide underneath each other.
NoRaiseOnResize
This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when resized.
This is typically used to allow windows to be resized underneath each
other.
NoRaiseOnWarp
This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when the
pointer is warped into them with the f.warpto function. If this option
is set, warping to an occluded window may result in the pointer ending
up in the occluding window instead the desired window (which causes
unexpected behavior with f.warpring).
NoSaveUnders
This variable indicates that menus should not request save-unders to
minimize window repainting following menu selection. It is typically
used with displays that can repaint faster than they can handle save-
unders.
NoStackMode [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that client window requests to change stacking
order should be ignored. If the optional win-list is given, only
requests on those windows will be ignored. This is typically used to
prevent applications from relentlessly popping themselves to the front
of the window stack.
NoTitle [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that windows should not have titlebars. If the
optional win-list is given, only those windows will not have titlebars.
MakeTitle may be used with this option to force titlebars to be put on
specific windows.
NoTitleFocus
This variable indicates that twm should not set keyboard input focus to
each window as it is entered. Normally, twm sets the focus so that
focus and key events from the titlebar and icon managers are delivered
to the application. If the pointer is moved quickly and twm is slow to
respond, input can be directed to the old window instead of the new.
This option is typically used to prevent this "input lag" and to work
around bugs in older applications that have problems with focus events.
NoTitleHighlight [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that the highlight area of the titlebar, which
is used to indicate the window that currently has the input focus,
should not be displayed. If the optional win-list is given, only those
windows will not have highlight areas. This and the SqueezeTitle
options can be set to substantially reduce the amount of screen space
required by titlebars.
OpaqueMove
This variable indicates that the f.move function should actually move
the window instead of just an outline so that the user can immediately
see what the window will look like in the new position. This option is
typically used on fast displays (particularly if NoGrabServer is set).
Pixmaps { pixmaps }
This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that define the appearance of
various images. Each entry is a keyword indicating the pixmap to set,
followed by a string giving the name of the bitmap file. The following
pixmaps may be specified:
Pixmaps
{
TitleHighlight "gray1"
}
The default for TitleHighlight is to use an even stipple pattern.
Priority priority
This variable sets twm's priority. priority should be an unquoted,
signed number (for example, 999). This variable has an effect only if
the server supports the SYNC extension.
RandomPlacement
This variable indicates that windows with no specified geometry should
be placed in a pseudo-random location instead of having the user drag
out an outline.
ResizeFont string
This variable specifies the font to be used for in the dimensions
window when resizing windows. The default is "fixed".
RestartPreviousState
This variable indicates that twm should attempt to use the WM_STATE
property on client windows to tell which windows should be iconified
and which should be left visible. This is typically used to try to
regenerate the state that the screen was in before the previous window
manager was shutdown.
SaveColor { colors-list }
This variable indicates a list of color assignments to be stored as
pixel values in the root window property _MIT_PRIORITY_COLORS. Clients
may elect to preserve these values when installing their own colormap.
Note that use of this mechanism is a way an for application to avoid
the "technicolor" problem, whereby useful screen objects such as window
borders and titlebars disappear when a programs custom colors are
installed by the window manager. For example:
SaveColor
{
BorderColor
TitleBackground
TitleForeground
"red"
"green"
"blue"
}
This would place on the root window 3 pixel values for borders and
titlebars, as well as the three color strings, all taken from the
default colormap.
ShowIconManager
This variable indicates that the icon manager window should be
displayed when twm is started. It can always be brought up using the
f.showiconmgr function.
SortIconManager
This variable indicates that entries in the icon manager should be
sorted alphabetically rather than by simply appending new windows to
the end.
SqueezeTitle [{ squeeze-list }]
This variable indicates that twm should attempt to use the SHAPE
extension to make titlebars occupy only as much screen space as they
need, rather than extending all the way across the top of the window.
The optional squeeze-list may be used to control the location of the
squeezed titlebar along the top of the window. It contains entries of
the form:
"name" justification num denom
where name is a window name, justification is either left, center, or
right, and num and denom are numbers specifying a ratio giving the
relative position about which the titlebar is justified. The ratio is
measured from left to right if the numerator is positive, and right to
left if negative. A denominator of 0 indicates that the numerator
should be measured in pixels. For convenience, the ratio 0/0 is the
same as 1/2 for center and -1/1 for right. For example:
SqueezeTitle
{
"XTerm" left 0 0
"xterm1" left 1 3
"xterm2" left 2 3
"oclock" center 0 0
"emacs" right 0 0
}
The DontSqueezeTitle list can be used to turn off squeezing on certain
titles.
StartIconified [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that client windows should initially be left as
icons until explicitly deiconified by the user. If the optional win-
list is given, only those windows will be started iconic. This is
useful for programs that do not support an -iconic command line option
or resource.
TitleBackground string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the background color used in titlebars, and may
only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The
optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-
window colors may be specified. The default is "white".
TitleButtonBorderWidth pixels
This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding
titlebuttons. This is typically set to 0 to allow titlebuttons to take
up as much space as possible and to not have a border. The default is
1.
TitleFont string
This variable specifies the font to be used for displaying window names
in titlebars. The default is "variable".
TitleForeground string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the foreground color used in titlebars, and may
only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The
optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-
window colors may be specified. The default is "black".
TitlePadding pixels
This variable specifies the distance between the various buttons, text,
and highlight areas in the titlebar. The default is 8 pixels.
UnknownIcon string
This variable specifies the filename of a bitmap file to be used as the
default icon. This bitmap will be used as the icon of all clients
which do not provide an icon bitmap and are not listed in the Icons
list.
UsePPosition string
This variable specifies whether or not twm should honor program-
requested locations (given by the PPosition flag in the WM_NORMAL_HINTS
property) in the absence of a user-specified position. The argument
string may have one of three values: "off" (the default) indicating
that twm should ignore the program-supplied position, "on" indicating
that the position should be used, and "non-zero" indicating that the
position should used if it is other than (0,0). The latter option is
for working around a bug in older toolkits.
WarpCursor [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that the pointer should be warped into windows
when they are deiconified. If the optional win-list is given, the
pointer will only be warped when those windows are deiconified.
WindowRing { win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows along which the f.warpring
function cycles.
WarpUnmapped
This variable indicates that the f.warpto function should deiconify any
iconified windows it encounters. This is typically used to make a key
binding that will pop a particular window (such as xmh), no matter
where it is. The default is for f.warpto to ignore iconified windows.
XorValue number
This variable specifies the value to use when drawing window outlines
for moving and resizing. This should be set to a value that will
result in a variety of of distinguishable colors when exclusive-or'ed
with the contents of the user's typical screen. Setting this variable
to 1 often gives nice results if adjacent colors in the default
colormap are distinct. By default, twm will attempt to cause temporary
lines to appear at the opposite end of the colormap from the graphics.
Zoom [ count ]
This variable indicates that outlines suggesting movement of a window
to and from its iconified state should be displayed whenever a window
is iconified or deiconified. The optional count argument specifies the
number of outlines to be drawn. The default count is 8.
The following variables must be set after the fonts have been assigned, so
it is usually best to put them at the end of the variables or beginning of
the bindings sections:
DefaultFunction function
This variable specifies the function to be executed when a key or
button event is received for which no binding is provided. This is
typically bound to f.nop, f.beep, or a menu containing window
operations.
WindowFunction function
This variable specifies the function to execute when a window is
selected from the TwmWindows menu. If this variable is not set, the
window will be deiconified and raised.
BINDINGS
After the desired variables have been set, functions may be attached
titlebuttons and key and pointer buttons. Titlebuttons may be added from
the left or right side and appear in the titlebar from left-to-right
according to the order in which they are specified. Key and pointer button
bindings may be given in any order.
Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the pixmap to use in
the button box and the function to be invoked when a pointer button is
pressed within them:
LeftTitleButton "bitmapname" = function
or
RightTitleButton "bitmapname" = function
The bitmapname may refer to one of the built-in bitmaps (which are scaled
to match TitleFont) by using the appropriate colon-prefixed name described
above.
Key and pointer button specifications must give the modifiers that must be
pressed, over which parts of the screen the pointer must be, and what
function is to be invoked. Keys are given as strings containing the
appropriate keysym name; buttons are given as the keywords Button1-Button5:
"FP1" = modlist : context : function
Button1 = modlist : context : function
The modlist is any combination of the modifier names shift, control, lock,
meta, mod1, mod2, mod3, mod4, or mod5 (which may be abbreviated as s, c, l,
m, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, respectively) separated by a vertical bar (|).
Similarly, the context is any combination of window, title, icon, root,
frame, iconmgr, their first letters (iconmgr abbreviation is m), or all,
separated by a vertical bar. The function is any of the f. keywords
described below. For example, the default startup file contains the
following bindings:
Button1 = : root : f.menu "TwmWindows"
Button1 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-lower"
Button2 = m : window | icon : f.iconify
Button3 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-raise"
Button1 = : title : f.function "move-or-raise"
Button2 = : title : f.raiselower
Button1 = : icon : f.function "move-or-iconify"
Button2 = : icon : f.iconify
Button1 = : iconmgr : f.iconify
Button2 = : iconmgr : f.iconify
A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the keyboard could
use the following bindings:
"F1" = : all : f.iconify
"F2" = : all : f.raiselower
"F3" = : all : f.warpring "next"
"F4" = : all : f.warpto "xmh"
"F5" = : all : f.warpto "emacs"
"F6" = : all : f.colormap "next"
"F7" = : all : f.colormap "default"
"F20" = : all : f.warptoscreen "next"
"Left" = m : all : f.backiconmgr
"Right"= m | s: all : f.forwiconmgr
"Up" = m : all : f.upiconmgr
"Down" = m | s: all : f.downiconmgr
twm provides many more window manipulation primitives than can be
conveniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of key bindings. Although
a small set of defaults are supplied (unless the NoDefaults is specified),
most users will want to have their most common operations bound to key and
button strokes. To do this, twm associates names with each of the
primitives and provides user-defined functions for building higher level
primitives and menus for interactively selecting among groups of functions.
User-defined functions contain the name by which they are referenced in
calls to f.function and a list of other functions to execute. For example:
Function "move-or-lower" { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
Function "move-or-raise" { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
Function "move-or-iconify" { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
Function "restore-colormap" { f.colormap "default" f.lower }
The function name must be used in f.function exactly as it appears in the
function specification.
In the descriptions below, if the function is said to operate on the
selected window, but is invoked from a root menu, the cursor will be
changed to the Select cursor and the next window to receive a button press
will be chosen:
! string
This is an abbreviation for f.exec string.
f.autoraise
This function toggles whether or not the selected window is raised
whenever entered by the pointer. See the description of the variable
AutoRaise.
f.backiconmgr
This function warps the pointer to the previous column in the current
icon manager, wrapping back to the previous row if necessary.
f.beep
This function sounds the keyboard bell.
f.bottomzoom
This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, but resizes the
window to fill only the bottom half of the screen.
f.circledown
This function lowers the top-most window that occludes another window.
f.circleup
This function raises the bottom-most window that is occluded by another
window.
f.colormap string
This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from the
WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property on the window) that twm will display when
the pointer is in this window. The argument string may have one of the
following values: next, prev, and default. It should be noted here
that in general, the installed colormap is determined by keyboard
focus. A pointer driven keyboard focus will install a private colormap
upon entry of the window owning the colormap. Using the click to type
model, private colormaps will not be installed until the user presses a
mouse button on the target window.
f.deiconify
This function deiconifies the selected window. If the window is not an
icon, this function does nothing.
f.delete
This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW message to the selected window
if the client application has requested it through the WM_PROTOCOLS
window property. The application is supposed to respond to the message
by removing the indicated window. If the window has not requested
WM_DELETE_WINDOW messages, the keyboard bell will be rung indicating
that the user should choose an alternative method. Note this is very
different from f.destroy. The intent here is to delete a single
window, not necessarily the entire application.
f.deltastop
This function allows a user-defined function to be aborted if the
pointer has been moved more than MoveDelta pixels. See the example
definition given for Function "move-or-raise" at the beginning of the
section.
f.destroy
This function instructs the X server to close the display connection of
the client that created the selected window. This should only be used
as a last resort for shutting down runaway clients. See also f.delete.
f.downiconmgr
This function warps the pointer to the next row in the current icon
manger, wrapping to the beginning of the next column if necessary.
f.exec string
This function passes the argument string to /bin/sh for execution. In
multiscreen mode, if string starts a new X client without giving a
display argument, the client will appear on the screen from which this
function was invoked.
f.focus
This function toggles the keyboard focus of the server to the selected
window, changing the focus rule from pointer-driven if necessary. If
the selected window already was focused, this function executes an
f.unfocus.
f.forcemove
This function is like f.move except that it ignores the DontMoveOff
variable.
f.forwiconmgr
This function warps the pointer to the next column in the current icon
manager, wrapping to the beginning of the next row if necessary.
f.fullzoom
This function resizes the selected window to the full size of the
display or else restores the original size if the window was already
zoomed.
f.function string
This function executes the user-defined function whose name is
specified by the argument string.
f.hbzoom
This function is a synonym for f.bottomzoom.
f.hideiconmgr
This function unmaps the current icon manager.
f.horizoom
This variable is similar to the f.zoom function except that the
selected window is resized to the full width of the display.
f.htzoom
This function is a synonym for f.topzoom.
f.hzoom
This function is a synonym for f.horizoom.
f.iconify
This function iconifies or deiconifies the selected window or icon,
respectively.
f.identify
This function displays a summary of the name and geometry of the
selected window. If the server supports the SYNC extension, the
priority of the client owning the window is also displayed. Clicking
the pointer or pressing a key in the window will dismiss it.
f.lefticonmgr
This function similar to f.backiconmgr except that wrapping does not
change rows.
f.leftzoom
This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function but causes the
selected window is only resized to the left half of the display.
f.lower
This function lowers the selected window.
f.menu string
This function invokes the menu specified by the argument string.
Cascaded menus may be built by nesting calls to f.menu.
f.move
This function drags an outline of the selected window (or the window
itself if the OpaqueMove variable is set) until the invoking pointer
button is released. Double clicking within the number of milliseconds
given by ConstrainedMoveTime warps the pointer to the center of the
window and constrains the move to be either horizontal or vertical
depending on which grid line is crossed. To abort a move, press another
button before releasing the first button.
f.nexticonmgr
This function warps the pointer to the next icon manager containing any
windows on the current or any succeeding screen.
f.nop
This function does nothing and is typically used with the
DefaultFunction or WindowFunction variables or to introduce blank lines
in menus.
f.previconmgr
This function warps the pointer to the previous icon manager containing
any windows on the current or preceding screens.
f.priority string
This function sets the priority of the client owning the selected
window to the numeric value of the argument string, which should be a
signed integer in double quotes (for example, "999"). This function
has an effect only if the server supports the SYNC extension.
f.quit
This function causes twm to restore the window's borders and exit. If
twm is the first client invoked from xdm, this will result in a server
reset.
f.raise
This function raises the selected window.
f.raiselower
This function raises the selected window to the top of the stacking
order if it is occluded by any windows, otherwise the window will be
lowered.
f.refresh
This function causes all windows to be refreshed.
f.resize
This function displays an outline of the selected window. Crossing a
border (or setting AutoRelativeResize) will cause the outline to begin
to rubber band until the invoking button is released. To abort a
resize, press another button before releasing the first button.
f.restart
This function kills and restarts twm.
f.righticonmgr
This function is similar to f.nexticonmgr except that wrapping does not
change rows.
f.rightzoom
This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function except that the
selected window is only resized to the right half of the display.
f.saveyourself
This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message to the selected window if
it has requested the message in its WM_PROTOCOLS window property.
Clients that accept this message are supposed to checkpoint all state
associated with the window and update the WM_COMMAND property as
specified in the ICCCM. If the selected window has not selected for
this message, the keyboard bell will be rung.
f.showiconmgr
This function maps the current icon manager.
f.sorticonmgr
This function sorts the entries in the current icon manager
alphabetically. See the variable SortIconManager.
f.title
This function provides a centered, unselectable item in a menu
definition. It should not be used in any other context.
f.topzoom
This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function except that the
selected window is only resized to the top half of the display.
f.unfocus
This function resets the focus back to pointer-driven. This should be
used when a focused window is no longer desired.
f.upiconmgr
This function warps the pointer to the previous row in the current icon
manager, wrapping to the last row in the same column if necessary.
f.vlzoom
This function is a synonym for f.leftzoom.
f.vrzoom
This function is a synonym for f.rightzoom.
f.warpring string
This function warps the pointer to the next or previous window (as
indicated by the argument string, which may be "next" or "prev")
specified in the WindowRing variable.
f.warpto string
This function warps the pointer to the window which has a name or class
that matches string. If the window is iconified, it will be
deiconified if the variable WarpUnmapped is set or else ignored.
f.warptoiconmgr string
This function warps the pointer to the icon manager entry associated
with the window containing the pointer in the icon manager specified by
the argument string. If string is empty (that is, ), the current icon
manager is chosen.
f.warptoscreen string
This function warps the pointer to the screen specified by the argument
string. String may be a number (for example, "0" or "1"), the word
"next" (indicating the current screen plus 1, skipping over any
unmanaged screens), the word "back" (indicating the current screen
minus 1, skipping over any unmanaged screens), or the word "prev"
(indicating the last screen visited.
f.winrefresh
This function is similar to the f.refresh function except that only the
selected window is refreshed.
f.zoom
This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, except that the
only the height of the selected window is changed.
MENUS
Functions may be grouped and interactively selected using pop-up (when
bound to a pointer button) or pull-down (when associated with a
titlebutton) menus. Each menu specification contains the name of the menu
as it will be referred to by f.menu, optional default foreground and
background colors, the list of item names and the functions they should
invoke, and optional foreground and background colors for individual items:
Menu "menuname" [ ("deffore":"defback") ]
{
string1 [ ("fore1":"backn")] function1
string2 [ ("fore2":"backn")] function2
.
.
.
stringN [ ("foreN":"backN")] functionN
}
The menuname is case-sensitive. The optional deffore and defback arguments
specify the foreground and background colors used on a color display to
highlight menu entries. The string portion of each menu entry will be the
text which will appear in the menu. The optional fore and back arguments
specify the foreground and background colors of the menu entry when the
pointer is not in the entry. These colors will only be used on a color
display. The default is to use the colors specified by the MenuForeground
and MenuBackground variables. The function portion of the menu entry is
one of the functions, including any user-defined functions, or additional
menus.
There is a special menu named TwmWindows which contains the names of all of
the client and twm-supplied windows. Selecting an entry will cause the
WindowFunction to be executed on that window. If WindowFunction has not
been set, the window will be deiconified and raised.
ICONS
twm supports several different ways of manipulating iconified windows. The
common pixmap-and-text style may be laid out by hand or automatically
arranged as described by the IconRegion variable. In addition, a terse
grid of icon names, called an icon manager, provides a more efficient use
of screen space as well as the ability to navigate among windows from the
keyboard.
An icon manager is a window that contains names of selected or all windows
currently on the display. In addition to the window name, a small button
using the default iconify symbol will be displayed to the left of the name
when the window is iconified. By default, clicking on an entry in the icon
manager performs f.iconify. To change the actions taken in the icon
manager, use the the iconmgr context when specifying button and keyboard
bindings.
Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs keyboard focus to the
indicated window (setting the focus explicitly or else sending synthetic
events NoTitleFocus is set). Using the f.upiconmgr, f.downiconmgr
f.lefticonmgr, and f.righticonmgr functions, the input focus can be changed
between windows directly from the keyboard.
BUGS
The resource manager should have been used instead of all of the window
lists.
The IconRegion variable should take a list.
Double clicking very fast to get the constrained move function will
sometimes cause the window to move, even though the pointer is not moved.
If IconifyByUnmapping is on and windows are listed in IconManagerDontShow
but not in DontIconifyByUnmapping, they may be lost if they are iconified
and no bindings to f.menu "TwmWindows" or f.warpto are setup.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
DISPLAY This variable is used to determine which X server to use. It is
also set during f.exec so that programs come up on the proper
screen.
HOME This variable is used as the prefix for files that begin with a
tilde and for locating the twm startup file.
FILES
$HOME/.twmrc.<screen number>
$HOME/.twmrc
<XRoot>/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc
SEE ALSO
X(1X), Xdec(1X), xdm(1X), xrdb(1X)
AUTHORS
Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim Fulton, MIT X Consortium; Steve
Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith Packard, MIT X Consortium; Dave
Sternlicht, MIT X Consortium; Dave Payne, Apple Computer.
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