Programmer's Guide

Index

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Special Characters

-assume aligned_object flag (cc)

-c flag (cc)
compiling multilanguage programs

-call_shared flag (cc)

-double flag (cc)

-fprm n flag (cc)

-I/usr/include flag (cc)

-inline manual flag (cc)

-member_alignment flag (cc)

-newc flag (cc)

-no_fp_reorder flag (cc)

-no_misalign flag (cc)

-no_pg flag (cc)

-O compiler flag
shared library problems
use to avoid lint messages

-oldcomment flag (cc)

-Olimit option (cc -oldc)
optimizing large programs

-om
postlink optimizer

-preempt_symbol flag (cc)

-signed flag (cc)

-std0 flag (cc)

-tune generic flag (cc)

-unroll flag (cc)

-writeable_strings flag (cc)

/
See slash

/usr/shlib directory
shared libraries

?
See question mark

_align storage class modifier

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Numbers

32-bit applications
reducing memory usage

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

a.out
        default executable file
        default executable file
        disassembling
        displaying information about
        linking using ld
        passing command-line arguments to
        running

abnormal_termination function

activation levels
        changing in dbx
        displaying information about in dbx
        displaying values of local variables within
        identifying with stack trace
        identifying with stack trace

alias command (dbx)

alignment, data
avoiding misalignment

alloca function

allocation, data
coding suggestions

Alpha instruction set
using non-native instructions

ANSI
        name space cleanup
        standards and application development considerations
        standards and application development considerations

-ansi_alias flag (cc)

-ansi_args flag (cc)

application development
phases of

Application Environment Specification
See AES

application programs
        building guidelines
        coding guidelines
        compiling and linking in System V habitat
        optimizing large programs (cc -oldc)
        optimizing
        porting
        porting
        reducing memory usage with -xtaso

archive files
determining section sizes
dumping selected parts of

array usage
allocation considerations
optimizing in C

as command
linking files compiled with

assign command (dbx)

-assume noaccuracy_sensitive flag (cc)
See -fp_reorder flag (cc)

Atom tools
        developing
        examples of
        prepackaged tools

attribute data types

attribute request codes

attribute table
contents of

attribute
        defined
        example of defining
        initial value assignment

automatic decomposition
use in KAP

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

B

backward compatibility
shared libraries

binary incompatibility
shared libraries

breakpoints
        continuing from
        setting conditional breakpoints
        setting in procedures
        setting

built-in data types
use in dbx commands

built-in functions
pragma counterparts

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

C

C language, program checking
        data type
        external names
        function definitions
        functions and variables
        initializing variables
        migration
        portability
        structure, union
        use of characters
        use of uninitialized variables

C preprocessor
        implementation-specific directives
        including common files
        multilanguage include files
        predefined macros

C programs
optimization considerations

cache collisions, data
avoiding

cache misses
avoiding

cache thrashing
preventing

cache usage
coding suggestions
improving with cord

call command (dbx)

call graphs
gprof tool

calls
See procedure calls

catch command (dbx)

cc command
        compilation control flags
        debugging flag
        default behavior
        invoking the linker
        setting default alignment
        specifying additional libraries
        specifying function inlining
        specifying search path for libraries
        use by other compiler commands

CFG_ATTR_BINTYPE data type

CFG_ATTR_INTTYPE data type

CFG_ATTR_LONGTYPE data type

CFG_ATTR_STRTYPE data type

CFG_ATTR_UINTTYPE data type

CFG_ATTR_ULONGTYPE data type

CFG_OP_CONFIGURE request code

CFG_OP_QUERY request code

CFG_OP_RECONFIGURE request code

cfg_subsys_attr_t datatype

characters
use in a C program

cma_debug() command (dbx)

coding errors
checking performed by lint

coding suggestions
        C-specific considerations
        cache usage patterns
        data alignment
        data types
        library routine selection
        sign considerations

command-line editing (dbx)

common files
See header files

compilation units (cc -oldc)
optimizing

compiler commands
invoking the linker

compiler flags (cc)

compiler flags
-g flag

compiler optimizations
        improving with feedback file
        recommended optimization levels
        use of -O flag (DEC C)

compiler system
        ANSI name space cleanup
        C compiler environments
        C preprocessor
        driver programs
        linker
        object file tools
        running programs

compiling applications
in System V habitat

completion handling

compound pointer

conditional code
writing in dbx

cont command (dbx)

conti command (dbx)

core dump file
specifying for dbx
specifying for dbx

Ctrl/Z
symbol name completion in dbx

c_excpt.h header file

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

D

data alignment
coding suggestions

data allocation
coding suggestions

data cache collisions
avoiding

data flow analysis
compilation optimizations

data reuse
handling efficiently

data sets, large
handling efficiently

data structures
allocation suggestions

data types
        alignment
                bit field
                structure
        array pointer
        array
        casts
        coding suggestions
        effect of -O flag (DEC C)
        floating-point range and processing
        for attributes
        mixing
        sizes

data types, built-in
use in dbx commands

dbx commands
        args
        cma_debug()
         and ?
        alias
        assign
        call
        catch
        cont
        conti
        See also dbx debugger
        delete
        disable
        down
        dump
        edit
        enable
        file
        func
        goto
        ignore
        list
        listobj
        next
        nexti
        patch
        playback input
        playback output
        print
        printregs
        quit
        record input
        record input
        record output
        rerun
        return
        run
        set
        setenv
        sh
        source
        status
        step
        stepi
        stop
        stopi
        tlist
        trace
        tracei
        tset
        tstack
        tstack
        unalias
        unset
        up
        use
        whatis
        when
        where
        whereis
        which

dbx debugger
        -g flags (cc)
        built-in data types
        command-line editing
        command-line flags
        compile command flag (-g)
        completing symbol name (Ctrl/Z)
        See also dbx commands
        debugging techniques
        EDITMODE option
        EDITOR option
        entering multiple commands
        initialization file (dbxinit)
        invoking a shell from dbx
        invoking an editor
        LINEEDIT option
        LINEEDIT option
        operator precedence
        predefined variables
        repeating commands

debugger
See dbx debugger

debugging
        before optimization (cc -oldc)
        See also dbx debugger, ladebug debugger, lint, Third Degree
        general concepts
        kernel debugging (-k flag)
        programs using shared libraries

decomposition
use in KAP

delete command (dbx)

development tools, software (Digital UNIX)

-D_FASTMATH flag (cc)

Digital Extended Math Library
how to access

-D_INLINE_INTRINSICS flag (cc)

-D_INTRINSICS flag (cc)

directed decomposition
use in KAP

directives
        ifdef
        include
        pointer_size
        pragma environment
        pragma function
        pragma inline
        pragma intrinsic
        pragma linkage
        pragma member_alignment
        pragma message
        pragma pack
        pragma use_linkage
        pragma weak

directories
linker search order

directories, source
specifying in dbx

disable command (dbx)

disk files, executable
patching in dbx

distribution media
loading applications on

down command (dbx)

driver programs

dump command (dbx)

DXML
how to access

dynamically configurable subsystem
creating
defined

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

E

edit command (dbx)

editing
command-line editing in dbx

EDITMODE variable
dbx command-line editing

EDITOR variable
dbx command-line editing

editor
invoking from dbx

enable command (dbx)

enumerated data type

environment directive
pragma environment directive

environment variables
        EDITMODE
        EDITOR
        LINEEDIT
        PROFDIR
        PROFFLAGS
        profiling
        setting in dbx

exception filter

exception handler

exception handling
        application development considerations
        floating-point operations
                performance considerations
        header files

exceptions
        defined
        frame-based
        structured

exception_code function

exception_info function

excpt.h header file

executable disk files
patching in dbx

executable image
creating
creating

expressions
        displaying values in dbx
        displaying values in dbx
        operator precedence in dbx

external references
reducing resolution during linking

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

F

-fast flag (cc)

feedback files
how to create
use to improve compiler optimizations

-feedback flag (cc)

file command (dbx)

file names
suffixes for programming language files

file sharing
effects on performance

files
See archive files; executable disk files; header files; object files; source files

flags, cc compiler

floating-point operations (complicated)
use of DXML

floating-point operations
        -fp_reorder flag (cc)
        exception handling
        use of KAP

floating-point range and processing

-fp_reorder flag (cc)
-fp_reorder flag (cc)

fpu.h header file

frame-based exception handling

func command (dbx)

function directive
pragma function directive

functions
checking performed by lint

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

G

-g flag (cc)
effect on debugging

global optimizer (uopt)
See also optimization

goto command (dbx)

gprof
profiling tool
use to diagnose performance

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

H

handling exceptions

header files
        c_excpt.h
        excpt.h
        fpu.h
        including
        modifying system
        multilanguage
        pdsc.h
        standards conformance in

hiprof (Atom tool)
hiprof (Atom tool)

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

I

IEEE floating-point
See floating-point range and processing

-ieee flag (cc)

ifdef directive
for multilanguage include files

-ifo flag (cc)
-ifo flag (cc)

ignore command (dbx)

image activation in dbx

include files
See header files

inline directive
pragma inline directive

-inline flag (cc)

inlining, procedure
-D_INLINE_INTRINSICS flag (cc)
compilation optimizations

installation tools

instruction set, Alpha
using non-native instructions

integer division
substituting floating-point division

integer multiplication
substituting floating-point multiplication

internationalization
developing applications

interprocess communications
        pipes
        signals
        sockets
        STREAMS
        System V IPC
        threads
        X/Open Transport Interface (XTI)

intrinsic directive
pragma intrinsic directive

IPC
See interprocess communications

ISO
standards and application development considerations

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

J

-j flag (cc -oldc)
-j flag (cc -oldc)

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

K

-k flag (cc -oldc)
-k flag (cc -oldc)

KAP
usage recommendation

kernel debugging
-k flag

krash
kernel debugging utility

Kuck & Associates Preprocessor
See KAP

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

L

languages
supported by Digital UNIX

large data sets
handling efficiently

ld linker
linking object files
linking with shared libraries

leave statement

libc.so
default C library

libexc
exception library

libraries
        shared
        specifying
        ucode
        ucode

library description files (lint)

library selection
effect on performance

limiting search paths

LINEEDIT variable
dbx command-line editing
dbx symbol name completion

linkage directive
pragma linkage directive

linker
See ld linker

linking applications
        by using compiler command
        by using ld command
        in System V habitat

linking options
effects of file sharing

linking programs
See linking applications

lint
        coding error checking
        command syntax
        creating a lint library
        data type checking
        error messages
        increasing table size
        migration checking
        options
        options
        portability checking
        program flow checking
        variable and function checking
        warning classes

list command (dbx)

listobj command (dbx)

load time
reducing shared library load time

loadable subsystem
defined

loader
search path of

loops
        effects of global optimization (cc -oldc)
        KAP optimizations
        lint analysis of

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

M

macros
predefined

malloc function
tuning options

member_alignment directive
pragma member_alignment directive

memory access
detecting uninitialized or invalid

memory
        detecting leaks
        detecting leaks
        displaying contents in dbx
        tuning memory usage

message directive
pragma message directive

messages, IPC
See System V IPC

misaligned data
See unaligned data

misses, cache
avoiding

mmap system call
shared libraries

moncontrol routine
sample code

monitor routines
for controlling profiling

monitoring tools
        gprof
        pixie
        pixie
        prof
        prof

monitor_signal routine
sample code

monstartup routine
sample code

multilanguage programs
compiling
include files for

multiprocessing, symmetrical
See SMP

multithreaded applications
        developing
        developing
        profiling

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

N

name resolution
semantics

name space
cleanup

naming conventions
shared libraries

next command (dbx)

nexti command (dbx)

-noaccuracy_sensitive flag (cc)
See -fp_reorder flag (cc)

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

O

object file tools
        dis
        file
        nm
        odump
        size

object files
        determining section sizes
        disassembling into machine code
        dumping selected parts of

odump (object file utility)

-O* flags (cc -oldc)

-O* flags (cc)
-O* flags (cc)
-O* flags (cc)
overview of optimization levels

-Olimit flag (cc)

operators
precedence in dbx expressions

optimization (cc -oldc)
        debugging before
        -O* flags
        benefits
        compiler options for
        frequently used modules
        full optimization (-O3 option)
        large programs (-Olimit option)
        loop optimization
        register allocation
        separate compilation units

optimization
optimization
        compiler optimization options
        improving with feedback file
        post linking
        use of -O flag (DEC C)

optimizer, global
See global optimizer (uopt)

output errors
using dbx to isolate

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

P

pack directive
pragma pack directive

parameter
See attribute

patch command (dbx)

PC sampling
PC sampling

pdsc.h header file

performance (cc -oldc)
improving

performance
using the profiler (prof)

pixie (Atom tool)
        use to create feedback file
        use to diagnose performance
        using to profile

playback input command (dbx)

playback output command (dbx)

pointer size
conversion

pointers
        32-bit
        compound
        conversion
        long
        reducing memory use for pointers (-xtaso)
        short
        simple

pointer_size directive
pragma pointer_size directive

pointer_size pragma

portability
        bit fields
        external names
        standards

POSIX
standards and application development considerations
standards and application development considerations

pragma preprocessor directives

pragma
        environment
        function
        inline
        intrinsic
        linkage
        member_alignment
        message
        pack
        pointer_size
        pointer_size
        use_linkage
        weak

predefined variables
in dbx

-preempt_module flag (cc)

-preempt_symbol flag (cc)

preprocessor, C
See C preprocessor

print command (dbx)

printregs command (dbx)

procedure calls
handling efficiently

procedure inlining
-D_INLINE_INTRINSICS flag (cc)
compilation optimizations

prof
        See also profiling
        use to create feedback file
        use to diagnose performance

PROFDIR
environment variable
profiling environment variable

PROFFLAGS
environment variable

profiler tools
when to use

profiling
        averaging results
        basic block counting
        basic block counting
        environment variables
        limiting display by line
        limiting display information
        moncontrol routine
        monitor_signal routine
        monstartup routine
        multithreaded applications
        overview
        PC sampling
        using Atom tools
        using monitor routines

program checking
C programs

program counter sampling

program installation tools

programs
See application programs

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Q

question mark (?)
search command in dbx

quickstart
        reducing shared library load time
        troubleshooting
                fixso
                manually
        using

quit command (dbx)

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

R

RCS code management system

record input command (dbx)
record input command (dbx)

record output command (dbx)

registers
displaying values in dbx
use of by optimizer (cc -oldc)

rerun command (dbx)

resolution of symbols
shared libraries

return command (dbx)

routines
calling under dbx control

run command (dbx)

run time
build options that affect run time
coding guidelines for improving

run-time errors
using dbx to isolate

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

S

SCCS (Source Code Control System)

scope
        See also activation levels
        determining activation levels
        determining scope of variables
        specifying scope of dbx variables

search commands in dbx (/ and ?)

search order
linker libraries

search path
        limiting
        loader
        shared libraries

semantics
name resolution
name resolution

semaphores
See System V IPC

set command (dbx)

setenv command (dbx)
effect on debugger
effect on debugger

sh command (dbx)

shared libraries
        advantages
        applications that cannot use
        backwards compatibility
        binary incompatibility
        creating
        debugging programs using
        displaying in dbx
        linking with a C program
        major version
        minor version
        mmap system call
        multiple version dependencies
        naming convention
        overview
        partial version
        performance considerations
        search path
        symbol resolution
        turning off
        version identifier
        versioning

shared library versioning
defined

shared memory
See System V IPC

signals
stopping at in dbx

signed variables
effect on performance

slash (/)
search command in dbx

SMP
decomposition support in KAP

software development tools (Digital UNIX)

source code compatibility
in System V habitat

Source Code Control System
SCCS

source code
        checking with lint
        listing in dbx
        searching in dbx

source command (dbx)

source directories
specifying in dbx

source files
controlling access to
specifying in dbx

-speculate flag (cc)
-speculate flag (cc)

stack trace
        obtaining in dbx
        using to identify activation level
        using to identify activation level

standards
programming considerations

startup time
decreasing

static subsystem
defined

status command (dbx)

step command (dbx)

stepi command (dbx)

stop command (dbx)

stopi command (dbx)

$stop_on_exec variable (dbx)
$stop_on_exec variable (dbx)

storage class modifier
_align

strings command

structure alignment
pragma member_alignment directive

structured exception handling

structures
checking performed by lint

suffixes, file name
for programming language files

symbol names
completing using Ctrl/Z in dbx

symbol table
ANSI name space cleanup
listing

symbols
        binding
        name resolution semantics
        options for handling unresolved symbols
        resolution
        resolving in shared libraries
        search path

symmetrical multiprocessing
See SMP

sysconfig command
sysconfig command

sysconfigtab database

system calls
differences in System V habitat

system libraries

System V habitat
        summary of system calls
        using cc command
        using ld command

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

T

termination handler

Third Degree (Atom tool)
Third Degree (Atom tool)

third
See Third Degree

threads
profiling multithreaded applications

tlist command (dbx)

tools
major tools for software development

trace command (dbx)

tracei command (dbx)

try body
try body

try...except statement

try...finally statement

tset command (dbx)

tstack command (dbx)
tstack command (dbx)

-tune flag (cc)

type casts
checking performed by lint
when to avoid

type declarations
displaying in dbx

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

U

ucode object libraries
building

uld (ucode link compilation phase)

umerge (procedure merge compilation phase)

unalias command (dbx)

unaligned data
avoiding

unions
checking performed by lint

unresolved symbols
options to ld command
shared libraries

-unroll flag (cc)

unset command (dbx)

unsigned variables
effect on performance

uopt (global optimizer)

up command (dbx)

use command (dbx)

use_linkage directive
pragma use_linkage directive

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

V

variables
        assigning values to
        determining scope of
        displaying names in dbx
        displaying type declarations
        See also environment variables
        obtaining values within activation levels
        predefined variables in dbx
        tracing

variables, signed or unsigned
effect on performance

versioning
shared libraries

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

W

warning classes

weak directive
pragma weak directive

whatis command (dbx)

when command (dbx)

where command (dbx)

whereis command (dbx)

which command (dbx)

Click letter for quick access:
[Special Characters] [Numbers] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

X

X/Open Transport Interface (XTI)

X/Open
standards and application development considerations
standards and application development considerations

-xtaso flag (cc)
-xtaso flag (cc)

-xtaso_short flag (cc)

XTI (X/Open Transport Interface)